Abstract
The stromal-vascular cell fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue can be an abundant source of both multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, known as adipose-derived stem cells or adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs). The SVF also contains vascular cells, targeted progenitor cells, and preadipocytes. Stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue express common surface antigens, show the ability to adhere to plastic, and produce forms that resemble fibroblasts. They are characterized by a high proliferation potential and the ability to differentiate into cells of meso-, ecto- and endodermal origin. Although stem cells obtained from an adult organism have smaller capabilities for differentiation in comparison to embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSs), the cost of obtaining them is significantly lower. The 40 years of research that mainly focused on the potential of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) revealed a number of negative factors: the painful sampling procedure, frequent complications, and small cell yield. The number of stem cells in adipose tissue is relatively large, and obtaining them is less invasive. Sampling through simple procedures such as liposuction performed under local anesthesia is less painful, ensuring patient comfort. The isolated cells are easily grown in culture, and they retain their properties over many passages. That is why adipose tissue has recently been treated as an attractive alternative source of stem cells. Essential aspects of ADSC biology and their use in regenerative medicine will be analyzed in this article.
Key words: Adipocyte, Mesenchymal stem cells, Regenerative medicine, Adipose tissue, Stem cell therapy, Adipose-derived stem cells, Stromal cells, Flow cytometry
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Abbreviations used
- ADSCs
adipose-derived stem cells or adipose tissue-derived stromal cells
- ASCs
adult stem cells
- BAT
brown adipose tissue
- BMD
Becker muscular dystrophy
- BMSCs
bone marrow stem cells
- CAL
cell-assisted lipotransfer
- CCL5
chemokine C-C-motif
- CD
cluster of differentiation
- CFU-F
fibroblast colony-forming unit
- DMD
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- DMSO
di-methyl sulfoxide
- ESC
embryonic stem cells
- FSC
fetal stem cells
- HGF
hepatocyte growth factor
- HSC
hematopoietic stem cells
- Isl 1
islet 1
- iPSs
induced pluripotent stem cells
- Kyn
kynurenine
- LDLs
low-density lipoproteins
- LIF
leukemia inhibitory factor
- MHC
major histocompatibility complex
- MSC
mesenchymal stem cells
- NGN 3
neurogenin 3
- Pax 4
paired box gene
- PDX 1
pancreatic duodenal homeobox
- PGE2
prostaglandin E2
- SDF-1
stromal cell-derived factor
- SVF
stromal-vascular cell fraction
- TGFβ
transforming growth factor-β
- TGFβ1
transforming growth factor-beta 1
- VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
- WAT
white adipose tissue
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