The role of advanced glycation end products in various types of neurodegenerative disease: a therapeutic approach

Parveen Salahuddin; Gulam Rabbani; Rizwan Hasan Khan

doi:10.2478/s11658-014-0205-5

. 2014 Aug 20;19(3):407–437. doi: 10.2478/s11658-014-0205-5

The role of advanced glycation end products in various types of neurodegenerative disease: a therapeutic approach

Parveen Salahuddin ¹, Gulam Rabbani ², Rizwan Hasan Khan ^2,^✉

PMCID: PMC6275793 PMID: 25141979

Abstract

Protein glycation is initiated by a nucleophilic addition reaction between the free amino group from a protein, lipid or nucleic acid and the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. This reaction forms a reversible Schiff base, which rearranges over a period of days to produce ketoamine or Amadori products. The Amadori products undergo dehydration and rearrangements and develop a cross-link between adjacent proteins, giving rise to protein aggregation or advanced glycation end products (AGEs). A number of studies have shown that glycation induces the formation of the β-sheet structure in β-amyloid protein, α-synuclein, transthyretin (TTR), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu, Zn-SOD-1), and prion protein. Aggregation of the β-sheet structure in each case creates fibrillar structures, respectively causing Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and prion disease. It has been suggested that oligomeric species of glycated α-synuclein and prion are more toxic than fibrils. This review focuses on the pathway of AGE formation, the synthesis of different types of AGE, and the molecular mechanisms by which glycation causes various types of neurodegenerative disease. It discusses several new therapeutic approaches that have been applied to treat these devastating disorders, including the use of various synthetic and naturally occurring inhibitors. Modulation of the AGE-RAGE axis is now considered promising in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the review covers several defense enzymes and proteins in the human body that are important anti-glycating systems acting to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords: Aggregation, Advanced glycation end products, Glycation in Alzheimer’s disease, Glycation in Parkinson’s disease, Glycation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Glycation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy, Glycation in prion diseases, Glyoxylases, AGE inhibitors

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Abbreviations used

Aβ: amyloid beta
AD: Alzheimer’s disease
AFGPs: alkylformyl glycosylpyrroles
AG: aminoguanidne
AGEs: advanced glycation end products
AKR: aldo-keto-reductase
ALI: arginine lysine imidazole
ALS: amylolateral sclerosis
ALT: 711-alagebrium chloride
APP: amyloid precursor protein
BSE: bovine spongiform encelopathy
CD-36: cluster of differentiation 36
CFD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
CML: Nɛ-carboxymethyllysine
Cu, Zn-SOD-1: copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1
DETAPAC: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
3DG: 3-deoxyglucosone
EGCG: (−)-epigallocatechin gallate
FAP: familial amyloid polyneuropathy
FN3K: fructosamine-3-kinase
GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GOLD: glyoxal lysine dimer
GSH: glutathione
GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase-3
IL-1β: interleukin-1β
IFA: isoferulic acid
LBs: Lewy bodies
LRRK-2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
MG: methylglyoxal
MOLD: methylglyoxal lysine dimer
MSR type II: macrophage scavenger receptor types II
NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κβ: nuclear factor-κB
NFTs: neurofibrillary tangles
OM: origanum majorana
OST-48: oligosaccharyltransferase-48
PD: Parkinson’s disease
PM: pyridoxamine
PrPC: cellular prion protein
PTB: phenacylthiazolium bromide
RAGE: receptor of advanced glycation end products
ROS: reactive oxygen species
SNCA: synuclein alpha
sRAGE: soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products
TTR: transthyretin
TK: transketolase
TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-α
TPP: thiamine pyrophosphate

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The role of advanced glycation end products in various types of neurodegenerative disease: a therapeutic approach

Parveen Salahuddin

Gulam Rabbani

Rizwan Hasan Khan

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PERMALINK

The role of advanced glycation end products in various types of neurodegenerative disease: a therapeutic approach

Parveen Salahuddin

Gulam Rabbani

Rizwan Hasan Khan

Abstract

Full Text

Abbreviations used

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