Abstract
The measurement of serum tumour markers is a simple and non-invasive method for assessing the response to systemic therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and estimation of prognosis. The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the association of baseline serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), thymidine kinase (TK) and tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) with outcome of patients with mCRC treated with combination of chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR mAbs) in the first line. In our study, the cohort included 102 patients treated with therapy based on anti-EGFR mAbs between years 2011 and 2017 at Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic. Serum samples were collected within one month before the initiation of treatment. In multivariate Cox analysis that included serum tumour markers and clinical baseline parameters show that high baseline serum CA 19-9 was significantly associated with worse progression-free survival (HR=1.871, p=0.0330) and also overall survival (HR=3.903, p=0.0006). We have not demonstrated association of baseline levels of CEA, TK and TPS with patients' outcome. CA 19-9 is commonly used serum tumour marker which is simple and readily available and its candidate prognostic importance in the setting of anti-EGFR therapy deserves to be studied in prospective trials.
Keywords: colorectal cancer, cetuximab, panitumumab, chemotherapy, tumor markers, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, thymidine kinase, tissue polypeptide specific antigen
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries 1. Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), widely used in the treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC). It has been well-established that RAS gene mutations represent predictive biomarker of resistance to the treatment with anti-EGFR mAbs in patients with mCRC 2-11. However, there is still a proportion of patients with tumours harbouring wild-type RAS gene, who derive no or poor benefit from systemic therapy containing anti-EGFR mAbs. Hence there is a need for surrogate predictive and prognostic biomarkers. The measurement of serum tumour markers is a simple and non-invasive method for assessing the response to systemic therapies in mCRC and estimation of prognosis 12, 13. The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the association of baseline serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), thymidine kinase (TK) and tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) with outcome of patients with mCRC treated with anti-EGFR mAbs in the first line.
Patients and Methods
Patients and treatment
We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 102 adult patients with histologically confirmed mCRC treated with anti-EGFR mAbs containing therapy between years 2011 and 2017 at Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic. Cetuximab (Erbitux, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA) was administered in combination with chemotherapy or as a single agent in a standard approved dose (initial dose 400 mg/m2, further doses 250 mg/m2 every 7 days). Panitumumab (Vectibix, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA) was administered in combination with chemotherapy or as a single agent in a standard approved dose (6.0 mg/kg every 14 days). The chemotherapy consisted of the following schedules: fluorouracil and leucovorin in combination with oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or with irinotecan (FOLFIRI). Cetuximab was combined with FOLFOX in 39 patients and with FOLFIRI in 15 patients, panitumumab was combined with FOLFOX in 47 patients and with FOLFIRI in 1 patient. None of the patients had previously received anti-EGFR therapies. The protocol of our study was approved by the independent ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen and complied with the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and local laws. The patients signed informed consent with the inclusion and subsequent analysis of their data.
The assessment of KRAS and NRAS gene status was performed at the time of diagnosis of metastatic disease. As it is a standard practice in Czech Republic, sample analysis was performed using standardized methods including direct sequencing, real-time PCR (2008-2010) and reverse hybridization method (StripAssay) (since 2010). Although the methods changed over the time, all of them were well-established and certified either by Czech Acreditation Institute (ČIA) or intended for use in clinical laboratories (CE-IVD).
Clinical monitoring
Clinical data were obtained retrospectively from the hospital information system. Physical examination and routine laboratory tests were performed every two weeks; computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography - (PET)-CT was performed every three months of the treatment. The objective tumour response was assessed by the attending physician using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 14.
Tumour marker measurement
Serum samples were collected and the measurement was performed within one month before the initiation of anti-EGFR treatment. Peripheral venous blood was drawn using the VACUETTE blood collection system (Greiner Bio-one Company, Kremsmünster, Austria). Serum was separated by 10 minutes centrifugation at 1300 g, and immediately frozen to -80°C. Samples were thawed only once, just prior to analyses. Serum levels of CEA and CA 19-9 were measured using chemiluminescent assay on an Unicel DxI 800 analyzer (BeckmanCoulter, Brea, CA, USA). Serum levels of TK were measured using radioenzymatic assay (REA) on an Stratec 300 analyzer (Immunotech, Prague, Czech Republic). Serum levels of TPS were measured using immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) on a Stratec 300 analyzer (IDL Biotech, Broma, Sweden). The measurements were performed at the Department of Immunochemistry, Medical School and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic, using the following cut-off values: CEA: 3 μg/l; CA 19-9: 28 μg/l; TK: 8 U/l and TPS: 90 μg/l. These are the upper reference values for the tumour markers measured by the used tests.
Statistical analysis
Standard frequency tables and descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample data set. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and all point estimates were accompanied by two-sided 95% confidence intervals. PFS was determined from the date of anti-EGFR initiation until the date of first documented progression or death. OS was determined from the date of anti-EGFR initiation until the date of death. Statistical significance of the differences in PFS and OS according to tumour marker levels was assessed using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effect of all potential prognostic factors on the survival indicators. Statistical significance of hazard ratios was assessed by means of the Wald test. The association between RECIST response and tumour marker levels was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. All reported p-values are two-tailed and the level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistica (version 12 Cz, TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
The study included 102 patients. The median age was 64.0 years (range 36.4-77.6 years). Sixty eight (66.7%) patients were male, 65 (63.7%) had a primary tumour localized in the colon, 54 (52.9%) had metastatic disease at diagnosis, 54 (52.9%) received the cetuximab-containing regimen and 48 (47.1%) received panitumumab-containing regimen. Anti-EGFR mAbs were combined with FOLFOX in 86 (84.3%) patients and with FOLFIRI in 16 (15.7%) patients. The baseline patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The baseline levels of serum tumour markers are summarized in Table 2. The median PFS was 10.20 months (95% CI 8.44-12.69), and the median OS was 35.13 months (95% CI 27.06-42.17).
Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Category | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 68 (66.7) |
| Female | 34 (33.3) | |
| Age | <70 years | 84 (82.4) |
| (range 36.4-77.6, median 64.0) | ≥70 years | 18 (17.6) |
| Localization of primary tumour | Rectum | 37 (36.3) |
| Rectosigma | 35 (34.3) | |
| Ascendens | 14 (13.7) | |
| Descendens | 8 (7.8) | |
| Transversum | 4 (3.9) | |
| Sigma | 3 (2.9) | |
| Caecum | 1 (1.0) | |
| Localization L/R | Left | 82 (80.4) |
| Right | 17 (16.7) | |
| Middle/not defined | 3 (2.9) | |
| Type of chemotherapy | FOLFOX | 86 (84.3) |
| FOLFIRI | 16 (15.7) | |
| Response (RECIST) | CR | 10 (9.8) |
| PR | 49 (48.0) | |
| SD | 10 (9.8) | |
| PD | 14 (13.7) | |
| Not Assessed | 19 (18.6) | |
| Grading | G1 | 14 (13.7) |
| G2 | 68 (66.7) | |
| G3 | 15 (14.7) | |
| Unknown | 5 (4.9) | |
| Synchronous/metachronous | Synchronous | 54 (52.9) |
| Metachronous | 47 (46.1) | |
| Unknown | 1 (1.0) | |
| RAS/KRAS wild-type | RAS | 71 (69.6) |
| KRAS | 31 (30.4) |
Table 2.
Baseline levels of serum tumour markers
| Valid n | Mean | Median | 25%-75% | Min-Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEA | 88 | 54.3 | 5.6 | 2.3-28 | 0.6-900 |
| CA 19-9 | 87 | 112.2 | 15.0 | 9-55 | 1-1900 |
| TPS | 75 | 271.5 | 144.0 | 79-275 | 11.6-2400 |
| TK | 85 | 11.6 | 8.3 | 5.2-11.9 | 2.5-103 |
Relation between baseline levels of serum tumour markers and treatment efficacy
The median PFS and OS for patients with high (>3 μg/l) CEA was 10.24 months (95% CI 8.57-13.06) and 34.32 months (95% CI 26.23-42.92) compared to 10.27 months (95% CI 7.29-17.83) and 36.62 months (95% CI 17.91-52.24) for those with low (≤3 μg/l) CEA (p=0.5239 and p=0.9698). The median PFS and OS for patients with high (>28 μg/l) CA 19-9 was 8.97 months (95% CI 5.66-12.67) and 19.19 months (95% CI 14.00-27.24) compared to 12.00 months (95% CI 9.25- 17.52) and 41.82 months (95% CI 34.42-51.61) for those with low (≤28 μg/l) CA 19-9 (p=0.0232 and p=0.0012) (Figure 1). The median PFS and OS for patients with high (>8 U/l) TK was 9.95 months (95% CI 7.35-12.67) and 32.91 months (95% CI 19.58-39.86) compared to 10.56 months (95% CI 7.89-17.50) and 41.76 months (95% CI 28.30-52.51) for those with low (≤8 U/l) TK (p=0.1209 and p=0.2161). The median PFS and OS for patients with high (>90 μg/l) TPS was 9.44 months (95% CI 7.59-12.15) and 32.92 months (95% CI 24.77-40.62) compared to 12.71 months (95% CI 9.80-17.74) and 42.81 months (95% CI 28.40-54.32) months for those with low (≤90 μg/l) TPS (p=0.3831 and p=0.1654). The PFS and OS data are summarized in Table 3 and survival curves for CA 19-9 are shown in Figure 1. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that high baseline serum CA 19-9 was significantly associated with worse PFS (HR=1.871, p=0.0330) and also OS (HR=3.903, p=0.0006) (Table 4).
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) (A) and overall survival (OS) (B) according to baseline levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9).
Table 3.
Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) according to baseline levels of serum tumour markers
| CEA | p-value(Log rank test) | ||
| ≤ 3 µg/l (n = 26) | > 3 µg/l (n = 62) | ||
| Median PFS (95% CI) | 10.27 months (7.29-17.83) | 10.24 months (8.57-13.06) | 0.5239 |
| 3-month PFS (95% CI) | 84.44% (70.52-98.37) | 92.21% (85.54-98.87) | |
| 6-month PFS (95% CI) | 76.47% (60.17-92.76) | 75.66% (64.98-86.34) | |
| 12-month PFS (95% CI) | 45.26% (25.86-64.65) | 44.50% (31.97-57.02) | |
| 18-month PFS (95% CI) | 31.24% (13.03-49.45) | 22.07% (11.51-32.63) | |
| Median OS (95% CI) | 36.62 months (17.91-52.24) | 34.32 months (26.23-42.92) | 0.9698 |
| 12-month OS (95% CI) | 82.25% (67.47-97.03) | 89.51% (81.77-97.24) | |
| 24-month OS (95% CI) | 63.32% (44.24-82.41) | 66.98% (54.60-79.36) | |
| 36-month OS (95% CI) | 51.18% (27.83-74.54) | 46.26% (30.93-61.59) | |
| CA 19-9 | p-value(Log rank test) | ||
| ≤ 28 µg/l (n = 60) | > 28 µg/l (n = 27) | ||
| Median PFS (95% CI) | 12.00 months (9.25-17.52) | 8.97 months (5.66-12.67) | 0.0232 |
| 3-month PFS (95% CI) | 95.17% (89.75-100.58) | 80.20% (65.19-95.21) | |
| 6-month PFS (95% CI) | 81.52% (71.70-91.34) | 65.95% (48.09-83.82) | |
| 12-month PFS (95% CI) | 49.96% (37.07-62.85) | 34.49% (16.58-52.41) | |
| 18-month PFS (95% CI) | 34.20% (21.84-46.55) | 7.06% (n.a.) | |
| Median OS (95% CI) | 41.82 months (34.42-51.61) | 19.19 months (14.00-27.24) | 0.0012 |
| 12-month OS (95% CI) | 94.22% (88.27-100.18) | 71.75% (54.48-89.03) | |
| 24-month OS (95% CI) | 74.58% (63.21-85.95) | 42.32% (21.75-62.90) | |
| 36-month OS (95% CI) | 62.36% (47.84-76.89) | < 14.42% (n.a.) | |
| TPS | p-value(Log rank test) | ||
| ≤ 90 µg/l (n = 22) | > 90 µg/l (n = 53) | ||
| Median PFS (95% CI) | 12.71 months (9.80-17.74) | 9.44 months (7.59-12.15) | 0.3831 |
| 3-month PFS (95% CI) | 87.53% (73.78-101.27) | 90.75% (82.96-98.55) | |
| 6-month PFS (95% CI) | 81.74% (65.59-97.88) | 75.99% (64.50-87.49) | |
| 12-month PFS (95% CI) | 62.18% (41.93-82.42) | 36.91% (23.66-50.15) | |
| 18-month PFS (95% CI) | 29.95% (10.84-49.07) | 19.83% (8.80-30.86) | |
| Median OS (95% CI) | 42.81 months (28.40-54.32) | 32.92 months (24.77-40.62) | 0.1654 |
| 12-month OS (95% CI) | 89.38% (76.59-102.18) | 87.94% (79.14-96.75) | |
| 24-month OS (95% CI) | 73.50% (54.87-92.13) | 64.27% (50.69-77.86) | |
| 36-month OS (95% CI) | 63.45% (39.55-87.35) | 39.89% (23.75-56.04) | |
| TK | p-value(Log rank test) | ||
| ≤ 8 U/l (n = 39) | > 8 U/l (n = 46) | ||
| Median PFS (95% CI) | 10.56 months (7.89-17.50) | 9.95 months (7.35-12.67) | 0.1209 |
| 3-month PFS (95% CI) | 87.08% (76.55-97.60) | 91.42% (83.33-99.51) | |
| 6-month PFS (95% CI) | 76.84% (63.60-90.08) | 75.17% (62.69-87.65) | |
| 12-month PFS (95% CI) | 47.06% (30.90-63.21) | 40.61% (26.42-54.79) | |
| 18-month PFS (95% CI) | 31.69% (16.37-47.00) | 17.35% (6.41-28.30) | |
| Median OS (95% CI) | 41.76 months (28.30-52.51) | 32.91 months (19.58-39.86) | 0.2161 |
| 12-month OS (95% CI) | 86.00% (74.85-97.15) | 88.28% (78.99-97.57) | |
| 24-month OS (95% CI) | 73.62% (59.06-88.18) | 59.28% (44.49-74.07) | |
| 36-month OS (95% CI) | 56.62% (37.60-75.64) | 42.41% (25.35-59.48) | |
Table 4.
Hazard ratios from multivariable Cox proportional hazard model for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)
| Parameter | Category | Progression-free survival (PFS) | Overall survival (OS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95 % CI) | p-value | HR (95 % CI) | p-value | |||
| Gender | Female | 1 | 0.2167 | 1 | 0.4608 | |
| Male | 0.747 (0.470-1.187) | 0.789 (0.421-1.481) | ||||
| Age | <70 years | 1 | 0.4231 | 1 | 0.0677 | |
| ≥70 years | 1.274 (0.704-2.305) | 2.046 (0.949-4.410) | ||||
| Localization of primary tumour | Left | 1 | 0.1215 | 1 | 0.0941 | |
| Right | 1.549 (0.890-2.695) | 1.841 (0.901-3.761) | ||||
| Synchronous/ metachronous | Synchronous | 1 | 0.1298 | 1 | 0.7900 | |
| metastases | Metachronous | 1.418 (0.902-2.230) | 1.092 (0.571-2.087) | |||
| Type of chemotherapy | FOLFOX | 1 | 0.2233 | 1 | 0.2146 | |
| FOLFIRI | 0.681 (0.367-1.264) | 0.588 (0.254-1.360) | ||||
| CEA | ≤ 3 µg/l | 1 | 0.8426 | 1 | 0.2610 | |
| > 3 µg/l | 0.940 (0.513-1.723) | 0.638 (0.291-1.397) | ||||
| CA 19-9 | ≤ 28 µg/l | 1 | 0.0330 | 1 | 0.0006 | |
| > 28 µg/l | 1.871 (1.052-3.327) | 3.903 (1.789-8.514) | ||||
| TPS | ≤ 90 µg/l | 1 | 0.7177 | 1 | 0.8633 | |
| > 90 µg/l | 0.888 (0.465-1.694) | 1.078 (0.458-2.540) | ||||
| TK | ≤ 8 U/l | 1 | 0.2877 | 1 | 0.9580 | |
| > 8 U/l | 1.315 (0.794-2.178) | 0.982 (0.503-1.916) | ||||
There was not observed any significant association between a RECIST response and baseline serum CEA (p=0.6071), CA 19-9 (p=0.2777), TPS (p=1076) nor TK (p=0.7958).
Discussion
Randomized clinical trials have provided evidence for the efficacy and safety of cetuximab as well as panitumumab in the treatment of patients with mCRC 15-27. The efficacy of anti-EGFR mAbs was reported to be restricted to patients with tumours harbouring wild-type KRAS gene. Thus, KRAS gene mutations, occurring in 35-45% of cases, became the most important predictive biomarker in patients with mCRC 2-6. Extended RAS analyses have demonstrated lack of response to anti-EGFR mAbs also in patients with tumours harbouring NRAS gene mutations, occurring in 1-6% of CRC cases 2, 7-11. However, there is still a large proportion of patients with tumours harbouring wild-type RAS gene, who derive poor benefit from systemic treatment based on anti-EGFR mAbs.
Molecules used as serum tumour markers play a role in several cancer-related processes including cell adhesion, proliferation, and tumour angiogenesis and could be useful as a surrogate marker for molecular characteristics of a tumour. CEA, CA 19-9, TK, and TPS are serum tumour markers widely used for primary diagnostics and also follow-up monitoring of patients with CRC. In the present study we focused on their association with the efficacy of anti-EGFR mAbs containing therapy in patients with mCRC treated in the first line. In order to facilitate the clinical interpretation of the results, we used the upper normal values for all the studied tumour markers as a cut-off.
CEA plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion and has a dominant effect in blocking cell differentiation and it cooperates with Myc and Bcl-2 in cellular transformation 28, 29. The prognostic value of CEA in patients with locoregional CRC or those after metastasecomy has been previously clearly reported 30-34. On the other hand, it seems to be controversial whether it is an independent prognostic parameter in patients with mCRC 35-37. In the present study, we did not demonstrate any significant difference in PFS or OS between patients with high compared to those with low baseline levels of CEA. Interestingly, in our previous retrospective study, we observed that high baseline levels of CEA were independently associated with shorter PFS in patients with mCRC treated with systemic therapy based on a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bevacizumab 38. Similar results have been previously published by Prager et al., who reported the lack of association between baseline CEA levels and the treatment efficacy of cetuximab-based therapy and significant association of baseline CEA levels with shorter PFS for patients treated with bevacizumab-based therapies 39. The study by Prager et al. showed significant association of baseline CEA levels with OS for patients treated with cetuximab-based treatment and also for those treated with bevacizumab-based treatment 39. The results of our present and also the previous study did not confirm the association of serum CEA with OS 38. In comparison with our studies, Prager et al. used different cut-off value (26.8 μg/l), which was obtained as a median value of pretreatment CEA levels. The association of baseline CEA levels with PFS in mCRC patients treated with bevacizumab contrasting with no association in patients treated with anti-EGFR mAbs suggests use of CEA as a surrogate predictive biomarker for targeted treatment in mCRC. This could be explained by several proangiogenic effects of CEA recently described by Bramswig et al., who reported that soluble CEA activates endothelial cells and tumour angiogenesis via paracrine manner and the CEA-induced endothelial cell activation was independent of the VEGF-VEGFR 1/2 system 40.
CA 19-9 is an antigen expressed by the glycosylated extracellular MUC1 protein. It plays an important role in cancer invasion by enhancing cell adhesion and promoting angiogenesis indirectly 41. In the present study, we observed significantly shorter PFS and OS for patients with high CA 19-9 compared to those with low CA 19-9, and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that high CA 19-9 was independently associated with shorter PFS and OS. In CRC patients, the prognostic role of CA 19-9 remains controversial since it has a lower sensitivity as compared to CEA 42. Elevated CA 19-9 levels have been reported to be strongly associated with poor prognosis, especially in nodal-positive locoregional CRC treated with adjuvant chemotherapy 43, 44. A large meta-analysis including seventeen studies has been conducted by Yu et al., recently 45. The meta-analysis included 6,434 patients and its results show that baseline serum CA 19-9 can be used as a prognostic indicator for both metastatic and locoregional stage of CRC 45. This is in agreement with our results. Interesting data suggesting possible predictive role of CA 19-9 have been recently provided by Formica et al. and Narita et al. 46, 47. In observational studies, they found that only patients with high baseline levels of CA 19-9 benefited significantly from the administration of bevacizumab in comparison with chemotherapy alone 46, 47. To our best knowledge, there are currently no data published on the possible predictive role of baseline CA 19-9 level in patents with mCRC treated with anti-EGFR mAbs. The present study did not include a control group not treated with anti-EGFR mAbs, and, therefore, it cannot be concluded whether serum CA 19-9 could serve as a potential predictive biomarker also for anti-EGFR mAbs containing therapy, or it is a prognostic factor associated with mCRC in general.
TK is an enzyme present in most cells, correlating with their proliferative characteristics. It has a key function in the synthesis of DNA and therefore in cell division, it is expressed during cell division in the G1 and S phase while it is absent in resting cells 48. In the present study, we did not observe any significant association between PFS or OS and the baseline level of TK, although several authors have reported on the putative role of TK as a prognostic factor 49, 50.
The TPS assay detects the M3 epitope of cytokeratin 18 or of tissue polypeptide antigen. Cytokeratin 18 is an acid-type cytosolic protein expressed in simple epithelial cells and also by tumor cells 51, 52. TPS has been shown to indicate tumor cell proliferative activity. TPS has been mostly studied as a biomarker for monitoring of treatment response to palliative chemotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal tumors including mCRC. 53-55. No impact of baseline level of TPS and survival has been detected in our study.
The principal limitations of the present study are its retrospective design and relatively small number of patients. We should also mention the fact, that 31 (30.4%) patients were tested only for KRAS mutation, not for NRAS mutation. However, with respect of low incidence of NRAS mutations in CRC, this could hardly influence the results 2, 11. Nevertheless, it is the first study published so far to use a comprehensive serum tumour marker panel in patients with mCRC treated with anti-EGFR mAbs containing therapy.
In conclusion, the results of the conducted retrospective study suggest that the baseline level of CA 19-9 was independently associated with PFS and OS in patients with mCRC treated with anti-EGFR mAbs containing therapy in the first line. CA 19-9 is commonly used serum tumour marker which is simple and easy to detect and thus it is feasible for the use in the routine clinical practice. We have not demonstrated association of baseline levels of CEA, TK and TPS with patients' outcome. Prospective studies on the prognostic and predictive role of serum tumour markers should be performed to confirm these results.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all patients voluntarily taking part in the study. This study was supported by the project “Centrum of clinical and experimental liver surgery”, UNCE/MED/006 and by the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) Nr. LO1503 provided by the Ministry of Education Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and by the Charles University Research Fund (Progres Q39).
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