Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous isolation, on a semi-preparative scale, of chavibetol and methyleugenol from the crude essential oil of P. pseudocaryophyllus leaves. The purity of the isolated compounds and their quantifications were developed using GC/FID. Chavibetol was isolated with high purity (98.7%) and mass recovery (94.6%). The mass recovery (86.4%) and purity (85.3%) of methyleugenol were lower than those of chavibetol. Both compounds were identified on the basis of spectral analysis. The results suggest that the method can provide chavibetol with high purity, mass recovery, and productivity from crude essential, which will be used in bioassays against stored insect pests.
Keywords: natural products, essential oil, HPLC isolation, GC/MS, chavibetol, methyleugenol
1. Introduction
Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum, popularly known as “cataia” or “craveiro”, is a native Myrtaceae in Brazil with great abundance in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes [1]. In Brazil, its leaves are commonly used in the treatment of influenza and fatigue, and as a diuretic and flavoring agent. Ethnopharmacological studies indicate that this species is a promising source of several important metabolites [2,3]. Pharmacological and biological activities of different species in the genus have been described, including potent antibacterial action [4,5,6], antifungal [7], anticonceptive, and anti-inflammatory properties [8].
Species of Pimenta are sources of the essential oil, which is biosynthesized in the specialized cells of aromatic plants. These species contain secondary metabolites with strong biological activities [9], including insecticidal action (knockdown effect), repellency, feeding, and oviposition deterrence and development inhibition [10]. The essential oil from leaves of P. pseudocaryophylus extracted in this study contained phenylpropanoids chavibetol (5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, Figure 1) and methyleugenol (4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene, Figure 1) as major components. Chavibetol and other phenylpropanoid compounds are reported as fungicides [11], protecting photosensitization-mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) of rat liver mitochondria [12] and antioxidants [13].
Figure 1.
Chemical structures of chavibetol, eugenol, and methyleugenol.
We previously detected insecticidal activity in the essential oil from the leaves of P. pseudocaryophylus against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidade), the main insect pest of stored corn [14]. The activity of commercial standard methyleugenol was comparable to that of crude essential oil. However, unfortunately, chavibetol, the main constituent of the oil, is not available commercially. Thus, the purpose of this work was to develop a rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the isolation of chavibetol for further investigation as a potential insecticidal agent. In this regard, while earlier publication described a counter-current chromatography (CCC) method for the isolation of chavibetol from crude essential oil [15], there are no papers published for obtaining of this phenylpropanoid and methyleugenol by HPLC, which is still uncommon. Recently, a semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC method was reported and shown to be viable and satisfactory for the separation and isolation of carvone from the essential oil of Mentha spicata L. [16].
Natural product chemistry using classical methods, for example, open-column chromatography [17], preparative thin-layer chromatography [18], and solvent extraction [17], often produces large amounts of toxic waste, including chlorinated solvents, carcinogens, and environmental contaminants. Methods of isolation developed by HPLC can decrease these undesirable effects, and allow the isolation of large quantities of natural products with high purity in a shorter time; however, this technique is rarely used from crude samples. This approach can be considered a green method, because it can eliminate sample preparation, which is often necessary to isolate chemical compounds, and decreases or eliminate the use of toxic solvents [19,20].
Therefore, HPLC was employed to develop a new method for the isolation of chavibetol and methyleugenol from crude essential oil of P. pseudocaryophyllus leaves. This study was also focused on the isolation of chavibetol in high purity, mass recovery, and productivity, which was identified on the basis of spectral analysis such as 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC/MS. The purity of the isolated compounds and their quantification were developed using GC/FID.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Isolation and Purity of Chavibetol and Methyleugenol
The HPLC analysis of crude essential oil obtained from P. pseudocaryophyllus leaves in analytical mode were optimized with different rates of mobile phase using hexane:ethanol (chromatograms not shown). The best chromatographic resolution was achieved using an isocratic solvent system, hexane:ethanol (92:8) (Figure 2A). Preliminary analysis of the essential oil by 1H-NMR showed the presence of eugenol, methyleugenol, and chavibetol, and structural identification of the first two was also supported by comparison with those spectra of commercial standards. The 1H-NMR of essential oil also showed higher concentrations (integration area) of chavibetol in comparison with other compounds in this matrix.
Figure 2.
Chromatogram of crude essential oil from the P. pseudocaryophyllus leaves obtained from HPLC in analytical (A) and semi-preparative scale (B). Peak 1 (methyleugenol) and peak 2 (chavibetol).
Based on the analytical conditions, the scaling of the flow rate to be used in semi-preparative analysis mode was performed, obtaining a flow rate of 6 mL/min using Equation (1), where S = scaling factor; Rα = diameter of analytical column; Rp = diameter of preparative column; Lα = length of analytical column; Lp = length of preparative column.
| (1) |
The semi-preparative scale in the normal elution mode allowed us to isolate 102.7 mg of chavibetol (fraction represented by peak 2 with retention time 6.1 min) and 27.9 mg of methyleugenol (fraction represented by peak 1 with retention time 3.0 min) (Figure 2B) (Table 1) after 11 injections of 130 µL of the crude essential oil from P. pseudocaryophyllus leaves at concentration of 143 mg/mL.
Table 1.
Summary of the results for the isolation of chavibetol and methyleugenol by HPLC.
| Parameter | Chavibetol | Methyleugenol |
|---|---|---|
| Isolated mass (mg) | 102.7 | 27.9 |
| Purity (%) | 98.7 | 85.3 |
| Mass recovery (%) | 94.6 | 86.4 |
| Processing time | 11 injections: 1.5 h | 11 injections: 1.5 h |
| Solvent consumption (mL) | 528 | 528 |
| Productivity (mg/h) | 68.5 | 18.6 |
| Solvent consumption/isolated mass (mL/mg) | 5.1 | 18.9 |
Area percentages (calculated by calibration curve) of chavibetol and methyleugenol in essential oil was 51.7% and 15.4%, respectively. The purity of isolated compounds was determined by GC/FID in triplicate after joint and evaporation of collected fractions. The purity of chavibetol was 98.7% (Figure 3) and of methyleugenol was 85.3% (Figure 4).
Figure 3.
GC/FID chromatogram from the isolated fraction containing chavibetol (peak 2, 98.7%).
Figure 4.
GC/FID chromatogram from the isolated fraction containing methyleugenol (peak 9, 85.3%).
As shown in Table 1, the method allows the isolation of chavibetol in high purity and mass recovery (yield), as well as excellent productivity (amount of material collected per unit time) and low solvent consumption per mass isolated, showing that HPLC is an excellent technique to isolate this compound on a semi-preparative scale. Methyleugenol was isolated with lower purity than chavibetol, but with good mass recovery, productivity, and moderate consumption of solvent per isolated mass (Table 1).
2.2. Characterization of Chavibetol and Methyleugenol
The GC/MS analysis of the fraction containing chavibetol showed molecular ion at m/z 164 (Figure 5). The retention index calculated (1367) is consistent with that reported by dos Santos et al. [15] (1372) and Pino et al. [21] (1374). Analysis by 1H-NMR showed the spectral information described in Table 2. These data also are consistent with those previously published by dos Santos et al. [15] and Momin et al. [22].
Figure 5.
GC/MS mass spectrum of the isolated fraction containing chavibetol. 70 eV electron impact.
Table 2.
1H (400 MHz, CDCl3) and 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) data of methyleugenol and chavibetol.
| Position | Methyleugenol | Chavibetol | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1H-NMR | 13C-NMR | 1H-NMR | 13C-NMR | |
| 1 | - | 132.6 | - | 133.4 |
| 2 | 6.72 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz) | 111.2 | 6.79 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz) | 114.8 |
| 3 | - | 147.4 | - | 144.9 |
| 4 | - | 148.9 | - | 145.5 |
| 5 | 6.81 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz) | 120.4 | 6.80 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz) | 119.8 |
| 6 | 6.73 (dd, 1H, J = 7.9 and 2.0 Hz) | 111.8 | 6.68 (dd, 1H, J = 8.2 and 2.1 Hz) | 110.6 |
| 7 | 3.35 (dl, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz) | 39.8 | 3.30 (d, 2H, J = 6.7 Hz) | 39.6 |
| 8 | 5.97 (tdd, 1H, J = 12.0, 10.0 and 6.9 Hz) | 137.7 | 5.95 (m, 1H) | 137.6 |
| 9 | 5.07 (m, 2H) | 115.6 | 5.07 (m, 2H) | 115.5 |
| 3-OCH3 | 3.88 | 55.9 | - | - |
| 4-OCH3 | 3.87 | 55.8 | 3.88 (s, 3H, –OCH3) | 56.0 |
| OH | - | - | 5.60 (s, 1H, –OH) | - |
Mass spectrum of fraction containing methyleugenol (Figure 6) and retention time were identical to standard (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The retention index calculated (1398) is also consistent with that reported by Adams, 2007 (1403). Analyses by 1H-NMR described in Table 2 are supported by the data published by Meepagala et al. [23].
Figure 6.
GC/MS mass spectrum of the isolated fraction containing methyleugenol. 70 eV electron impact.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Material
Standards eugenol (Figure 1) and methyleugenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate was used in HPLC grade purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Deuterated chloroform used in NMR analyses was obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. (Andover, MA, USA).
3.2. Plant Material and Essential Oils Extraction
The leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus used in this study were collected on 26 June 2011, from samples cultivated in District Caiçara de Pedrinhas, city of Ilha Comprida, São Paulo State, Brazil (24°54′09.2″ S; 47°47′10.8″ W; height: 31 m). A voucher specimen, previously identified by Professor Dr. João Vicente Coffani Nunes (UNESP, Campus Registro) is deposited at ESA herbarium of the Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP) in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, under registration No. 121119. After collection, the leaves were separated from other structures and were used in fresh form for essential oil extraction.
Fresh leaves were separated in samples of 100 g each, washed in water, cut into small pieces to optimize extraction by increasing contact surface, and subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus for 2 h at 110 °C. The mixture of water and oil (hydrolate) was separated by decantation and dried by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The extraction yield was 0.81%, determined based on the fresh weight of the plant material (g of oil/g of fresh leaves). The essential oil obtained was stored in a domestic refrigerator (c.a. −10 °C) until analysis.
3.3. HPLC Analysis and Isolation
The HPLC analysis and isolation were performed on a HPLC Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) composed of an LC-6AD pump, an SPD-10AV VP UV-Vis detector, an SCL-10 VP system controller with an analytical flow cell or a preparative flow cell according to the HPLC mode (analytical or semi-preparative) and a loop of 200 μL.
Analytical conditions were optimized with different proportions of hexane/ethanol (10:90, 70:30 and 92:8) using a Phenomenex Luna amino column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 10 μm) with flow rate 1 mL/min, 10 µL of injection and detection at 230 nm. Optimal analytical chromatography was carried out under isocratic conditions with the mobile phase constituted of hexane:ethanol (92:8) at flow rate 1.0 mL/min using a Phenomenex Luna amino column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 10 μm) and detection at 230 nm.
Compound isolations were carried out by the semi-preparative condition on the same HPLC equipment with a Phenomenex Luna amino column (10 mm × 250 mm, 10 μm) with flow rate 6.0 mL/min under the same mobile phase and detection of analytical conditions. For the analytical conditions, crude essential oils were diluted in hexane:ethanol (92:8) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and 10 µL was injected. For the semi-preparative conditions, 210 mg of crude essential oil was diluted in hexane:ethanol (92:8) at a concentration of 143 mg/mL and 130 µL was injected. The fraction solvent obtained was evaporated under a vacuum and the purity of isolated compounds was determined by GC/FID and characterized by GC/MS and NMR.
3.4. GC/MS Analysis
The qualitative analysis of essential oil constituents was performed using a gas chromatograph 17A (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) hyphenated to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) QP5000. The following conditions were used: fused-silica capillary column DB-5MS with 30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm thick film, flow of 1.2 mL/min of helium as carrier gas (99.999%); 1.0 µL of injection volume in ethyl acetate; split ratio of 1:12; injector temperature of 250 °C; detector temperature of 280 °C. Temperature was set at 50 °C for 1.5 min, followed by 4 °C/min to 200 °C, then 10 °C to 250 °C finishing with isotherm of 5 min at 250 °C. Mass spectrum was conducted at 70 eV with a rapid scan of 0.5 scan/s in the mass range 45–500 Da. Volatile components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with spectra reported in the literature [24], as well with equipment database spectra (NIST11, WILEY8, NIST05, NIST21 and NIST107), comparing their retention indices with those in the literature. Retention indices (RI) were determined using a homologous series of n-alkanes (C9H20–C20H42) injected under the same chromatographic conditions of the samples using the equation proposed by Van den Dool and Kratz [25].
3.5. Purity Analysis of the Isolated Compound and Quantification by GC/FID Analysis
Purities of chavibetol and methyleugenol were performed on GC/FID 17A after injection of 0.1 mg/mL of each compound in triplicate and estimated by normalization of peak areas (%).
Quantification of chavibetol and methyleugenol in the essential oil was carried out by internal standardization as follows: A stock solution of chavibetol (15 mg/mL) and methyleugenol (15 mg/mL) isolated were prepared in ethyl acetate. Each solution was diluted to 2.4, 1.8, 1.2, and 0.6, and 0.15 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL of thymol was added as internal standard. The calibration curve was constructed using linear regression, and the R2 coefficients of 0.99 were obtained. A solution of 1.4 mg/mL of the essential oil and 1 mg/mL of thymol in ethyl acetate was injected to calculate the mass percent of chavibetol and methyleugenol in the essential oil by means of ratios between concentrations of isolated compounds in the calibration curve and oil concentration.
Essential oil and isolated compounds were injected using the same chromatographic conditions of GC/MS (Section 3.4), but using a DB-1 column 30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm thick film and using N2 as carrier gas.
3.6. NMR Analysis
NMR spectra of chavibetol and methyleugenol were performed on a Bruker Avance III spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) of 9.4 Tesla (400 MHz for the frequency of 1H and 100 MHz for 13C in Norell tubes of 5 mm id). Chemical shifts (δ) were expressed in parts per million (ppm) using deuterated chloroform (CDCl3, 7.3 ppm) and tetramethylsilane (TMS, 0 ppm) as reference standard for 1H-NMR and chloroform (77.0 ppm) for 13C-NMR.
4. Conclusions
The present HPLC method is simple and useful for the simultaneous isolation, on a semi-preparative scale, of chavibetol and methyleugenol from crude essential oil. In addition, no sample preparation is required, small amounts of solvent were used, and the time of analysis was reduced compared to conventional isolation methods such as open column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. Moreover, evaporation of the mobile phase hexane and ethanol was facilitated because they are more volatile than the solvents used in reverse-mode elution. This is the first time that a HPLC method was developed to isolate phenylpropanoids from crude essential oil. Finally, these results show that chavibetol was obtained in high purity, high mass recovery, and high productivity from crude essential oil to be used in bioassay against stored insect pests.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: E.d.S.N., L.d.P.R. and T.F.A. Performed the experiemnts, contributed to the revision process and analyzed the data: E.d.S.N., L.d.P.R., J.B.F. and M.F.d.G.F.d.S. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: M.R.F., P.C.V. and J.D.V.
Funding
The authors thank the Brazilian agencies: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-INCT, 573742/2008-1; Process 141596/2011-2; Process 445518/2014-6), FAPESP—São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-INCT, 08/57859-5; FAPESP—Phd scholarship: 11/22975-8), and CAPES—Higher Education Improvement Coordination.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
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