We thank Robin et al. for their insightful comments on our paper and would like to clarify some of their concerns1,2. The measure of 6 thioguanine [6-TGN] was made via the available laboratory vendors in the United States. All of these laboratory measurements obtained were performed by Prometheus, and were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, commonly known as the Lennard method.
It is true that some of the studies we discussed may have been underpowered for the effect size that was observed, but these studies were designed based on an expectation of a large clinical benefit. These studies did not meet their prespecified endpoints needed to show the utility of dose optimization of thiopurines using 6-TGN. There are additional studies that have shown similar trends.3-5
Recent recommendations by the American Gastroenterological Association on the role of therapeutic drug monitoring have suggested that there may be a benefit to reactive thiopurine metabolite monitoring, with a very low quality of evidence. We have repeatedly shown that algorithm monitoring is superior to metabolite monitoring for predicting clinical and biological remission in the same patients. We have also recently confirmed that our model remains highly accurate when applied to external datasets.6 We believe that metabolite monitoring may still play a role in confirming non-adherence and shunting of thiopurines.7
Conflict of Interest
The Regents of the University of Michigan, along with authors Peter Higgins, Akbar Waljee and Ji Zhu, have a patent on the application of machine learning to patterns in the complete blood count with differential and the comprehensive chemistry panel to the prediction of clinical response to thiopurines. The patent was granted on February 28, 2012. The remaining authors disclose no conflicts of interest.
References
- 1.Roblin X, Paul S. The end of the dosage of 6 Thioguanine nucleotides? Not so sure. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Waljee AK, Sauder K, Patel A, et al. Machine Learning Algorithms for Objective Remission and Clinical Outcomes with Thiopurines. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:801–10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Dassopoulos T, Dubinsky MC, Bentsen JL et al. Randomised clinical trial: individualised vs. weight-based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39:163–75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. González-Lama Y, Bermejo F, López-Sanromán A et al. ; “Grupo Español de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa (GETECCU)” Thiopurine methyl-transferase activity and azathioprine metabolite concentrations do not predict clinical outcome in thiopurine-treated inflammatory bowel disease patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:544–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Reinshagen M, Schütz E, Armstrong VW et al. 6-Thioguanine nucleotide-adapted azathioprine therapy does not lead to higher remission rates than standard therapy in chronic active Crohn disease: results from a randomized, controlled, open trial. Clin Chem 2007;53:1306–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Waljee AK, Sauder K, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Higgins PDR. External Validation of a Thiopurine Monitoring Algorithm on the SONIC Clinical Trial Dataset. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. Aug 22. pii: S1542–3565(17)30987-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.08.021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Feuerstein JD, Nguyen GC, Kupfer SS, Falck-Ytter Y, Singh S, American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Guidelines C. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:827–834. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.032. Epub 2017 Aug 3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]