Proposed disease model of material-based intramembranous ossification and bone remodeling. (A) Diseased bone formation using osteoinductive material (i.e. β-TCP, BCP). (B) Diseased bone formation using osteoconductive material (i.e. HA, collagen). Diseased stem cell: iPSC, ESC, BMMSC. Other diseased cell lineage: pre-osteoclast, immune cells, endothelial cell etc.