Abstract
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence, reasons of use, reported hygienic practices, and complications related to CLs’ usage, and to assess awareness of medical students about CLs’ hygienic behaviours, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional design was done. A multi-stage stratified random sampling was utilized to select 536 medical students. A validated, self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was used. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied.
Results:
The prevalence of current users of CLs was 40.5%. Females reported significantly much higher prevalence of usage compared to males (OR=8.38; 95% CI:5.2-13.3). Second-year students, and those living in university dormitory had the highest prevalence of CLs usage compared to others. The commonest reason for wearing CLs was cosmetic purpose. Improper CLs-hygienic practices were reported; as exceeding the period required for renewal (45.6%), sharing lenses (16.6%), and sleeping (29.9%), swimming (24.6%) or showering (29.0%) with CLs. Only 16.6% of the participants cleaned their lenses daily. At least one CLs’ related complications was reported by 30.4% of the users. Acute red eye (19.8%), conjunctivitis (18.9%), and corneal abrasion (8.3%) were the commonest CLs’ complications.
Conclusion:
A relatively high prevalence of CLs’ usage was found. Participants were aware about CLs-hygienic practices. However, unhygienic CLs-related practices and complications were also reported. Provision of educational messages and training on sound CLs’ hygienic practices are needed.
Keywords: Contact lenses, Prevalence, Hygienic practices, Complications, Eye infections
INTRODUCTION
The global burden of eye refractive disorders is increasing.1 Contact lenses (CLs) have been prescribed since more than a century for correction of refractive errors, cosmetic purpose, and as a therapeutic modality for corneal pathologies.2 The use of CLs has greatly increased, and a more increase is expected.3
CLs provide safe and effective vision correction1 if adequate lenses’ care is ensured as recommended.4 However, CLs’ wearers may have risk of eye infections if they fail to wear, clean, disinfect, and store their CLs as directed.5 It was reported in 2016 that about 41 million citizens of the USA wear CLs, and more than 99% of them reported at least one behaviour that placed them at risk of eye infection.4
A study done in 2013, among the fitters of CLs from 40 counties (2007 to 2011) illustrated an overall increase in the usage of disposable lenses.6 The increasing number of CLs’ users resulted in rising of problems attributed to wearing.7 A study from the USA revealed that symptoms as burning, itching or tearing eyes were reported among those who continued wearing CLs, and that dry eyes were frequently reported between teen-agers.8 A study done in Riyadh, to evaluate prevalence and awareness of female university students and those who attended beauty stores about CLs’ usage revealed that 38.7% of the wearers used CLs without consulting an eye-care practitioner.9
Epidemiological studies are needed to provide information on the rate of CLs’ usage, their related behavioural risk factors and complications.7 However, little is known about such problem between medical students from Jeddah. So, such study is needed.
The study was performed to determine prevalence, reasons, hygienic practices, and complications related to usage of CLs, and to assess awareness of medical students about CLs’ hygienic practices at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2016/2017. A multi-stage stratified random sample method was used. Stratification considered genders and educational year (2nd to 6th). The sample was calculated by the formula of calculation of sample from cross-sectional study:10 The minimal calculated sample was 514, where z = 1.96, p was set at 0.38 9, q=1-p= 0.62, and “d” was set as 0.042.
Participants completed a validated, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. Both content and face validity were assessed by two experts. Internal consistency reliability was 0.81 using alpha Cronbach’s. The questionnaire asked about personal and socio-demographic information. Awareness of all participants about CLs hygienic behaviours was assessed through 12 questions. History of wearing CLs was determined. The reason of wearing, type & source of lenses were assessed. Reported CLs- behaviors were also looked into. They were also inquired about history of complications.
Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Descriptive statistics was used. Chi-squared test, Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated. All p-values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Ethical Statement
The study followed ethical standards of Helsinki Declaration. The proposal was approved by the Unit of Biomedical Ethics of KAU, with a “Reference Number of 402-15”. Administrative approvals were taken. A written consent was taken from each student.
RESULTS
A total of 536 medical students were enrolled in the study, with a slight increase in the sample size for the stratification purpose. About half (50.2%) of the participants have ever tried CLs. The prevalence of current CLs’ users was 40.5%. Most of the wearers (80.2%) used soft lenses. The yearly type of lenses, followed by each of the daily and monthly types were the commonest used lenses.
It was found that 58.9%, 35.9% and 35.9% of the participants used CLs for cosmetics, vision corrections & both purposes, respectively. Optician was the commonest source (92.2%) of CLs. While, 5.1% of the users purchased lenses through internet (5.1%) or from shopping centers (2.8%).
Females used CLs (56.2%) much more than males (13.3%), with highly statistical significant difference (OR=8.38; 95% CI: 5.2-13.3). Table-I. The second-year medical students and those lived in university dormitory reported the highest prevalence of CLs wearing (p < 0.05).
Table-I.
Relationship between the current using of contact lenses and the study variables among medical students at King Abdulaziz University.
| Contact lenses | Users (217) | None-users (319) | X2(p) | OR (95 % CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | No | % | No | % | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 191 | 56.2 | 149 | 43.8 | 95.01(0.000) | 8.38(5.2-13.3) |
| Male | 26 | 13.3 | 170 | 86.7 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 197 | 39.7 | 299 | 60.3 | 1.62(0.203) | 0.66 (0.3-1.3) |
| Married | 20 | 50.0 | 20 | 50.0 | ||
| Educational year | ||||||
| Second | 65 | 56.4 | 51 | 43.6 | 42.12(0.000) | 3.36 (1.87-6.06) |
| Third | 29 | 25.7 | 84 | 74.3 | 0.91 (0.49-1.70) | |
| Fourth | 70 | 54.3 | 59 | 45.7 | 3.13 (1.76-5.57) | |
| Fifth | 27 | 31.4 | 59 | 68.8 | 1.21 (0.63-2.31) | |
| Sixth | 25 | 27.5 | 66 | 72.5 | 1 | |
| Residence | ||||||
| With family | 201 | 40.9 | 290 | 59.1 | 6.36(0.036) | 2.54 (1.01-6.38) |
| University dormitory | 10 | 58.8 | 7 | 41.2 | 5.24 (1.39-19.64) | |
| Private dormitory (RC) | 6 | 21.4 | 22 | 78.6 | 1 | |
| Father education | ||||||
| University and above | 148 | 39.4 | 228 | 60.6 | 0.66(0.417) | 0.86 (0.6-1.2) |
| Less than university | 69 | 43.1 | 91 | 56.9 | ||
| Mother education | ||||||
| University and above | 136 | 42.0 | 188 | 58.0 | 0.76(0.385) | 1.17(0.8-1.7) |
| Less than university | 81 | 38.2 | 131 | 61.8 | ||
| Father occupation | ||||||
| Professional | 172 | 41.1 | 246 | 58.9 | 0.347(0.556) | 1.13(0.7-1.7) |
| Non-professional | 45 | 38.1 | 73 | 61.9 | ||
| Mother occupation | ||||||
| Professional | 100 | 38.3 | 161 | 61.7 | 0.995(0.319) | 0.84 (0.6-1.2) |
| Non-professional | 117 | 42.5 | 158 | 57.5 | ||
| Family income | ||||||
| More than Enough | 73 | 37.1 | 124 | 62.9 | 1.66(0.436) | 0.69 (0.22-2.12) |
| Less than enough (RC) | 138 | 42.5 | 187 | 57.5 | 0.86 (0.28-2.62) | |
| 6 | 46.2 | 7 | 53.8 | 1 | ||
RC: Referent Category.
About 7.8% of the users had never renewed their lenses, and 28.6% used the daily disposable lenses. Table-II. Furthermore, 45.6% of the users reported exceeding the period required for CLs’ renewal. Regarding cleaning, 31.8% of the users reported never cleaning their lenses. Regarding lens’ case, 12.9% of the participants reported never cleaning it. Results revealed that 29.5% of the participants reported sleeping with lenses (18.9% for a nap, and 10.6% overnight). It was found that 16.6% of the users shared CLs with others. Water exposure of CLs was reported during showering (29.0%) and swimming (24.6%).
Table-II.
Awareness of all medical students about contact lenses hygienic behaviours, and their related complications.
| Contact lenses’ related complications | Correct answer | Incorrect answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | |
| Increased by sharing lenses | 496 | 92.5 | 40 | 7.5 |
| Increased by sleeping with lenses | 480 | 89.6 | 56 | 10.4 |
| Increased by non-washing hands prior handling lenses | 445 | 83.0 | 91 | 17.0 |
| Increased by non-using fresh cleaning solution | 409 | 76.3 | 127 | 23.71 |
| Increased when swimming with CLs | 374 | 69.8 | 162 | 30.2 |
| Increased when replacing lenses less frequently than recommended | 269 | 50.2 | 267 | 49.8 |
| Decreased when replacing lenses’ cases | 240 | 44.8 | 296 | 55.2 |
| Increased when rinsing lenses with tap water | 239 | 44.6 | 297 | 55.4 |
| Increased by showering with lenses | 239 | 44.6 | 297 | 55.4 |
| Complications are common if hygienic practice are not taken | 146 | 27.2 | 390 | 72.8 |
| Increased when adding fresh cleaning solution to existing solution in lens case | 122 | 22.8 | 414 | 77.2 |
| Corneal infection can occur as a complication of CLs’ unhygienic practices | 349 | 65.1 | 187 | 34.9 |
About 30.4% of the users reported at least one CLs’ related complication. Table-III. Acute red eye (19.8%), conjunctivitis (18.9%), and corneal abrasion (8.3%), dry eye (4.6%) and abscess (3.2%) were the commonest complications. Each of keratitis and corneal ulcer was reported by 2.8% of wearers. Stye (0.9%) was the least frequent complication.
Table-III.
Contact lenses-hygienic practices reported by medical students’ users at King Abdulaziz University.
| Hygienic practices | No. | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Renewing contact lenses | ||
| Daily | 62 | 28.6 |
| Weekly | 10 | 4.6 |
| Monthly | 62 | 28.6 |
| Annually | 66 | 30.4 |
| Never | 17 | 7.8 |
| Exceeding the recommended period of renewal | ||
| Yes | 99 | 45.6 |
| No | 118 | 54.4 |
| Cleaning lenses | ||
| Daily | 36 | 16.6 |
| Weekly | 45 | 20.7 |
| Monthly | 54 | 24.9 |
| Annually | 13 | 6.0 |
| Never | 69 | 31.8 |
| Washing hands before putting on lenses | ||
| Yes | 156 | 71.9 |
| No | 61 | 28.1 |
| Using soap when washing hands before using lenses | ||
| Yes | 124 | 57.1 |
| No | 93 | 42.9 |
| Drying hands before wearing contact lenses | ||
| Yes | 132 | 60.8 |
| No | 85 | 39.2 |
| Using makeup with contact lenses | ||
| Yes | 164 | 75.6 |
| No | 53 | 24.4 |
| Cleaning contact lens cases | ||
| Never | 28 | 12.9 |
| With water | 60 | 27.7 |
| With soap | 13 | 6.0 |
| With contact lenses solution | 61 | 28.1 |
| Wear daily disposable lenses | 55 | 25.3 |
| Replacing the cleaning solution | ||
| Never | 30 | 13.8 |
| Every night | 20 | 9.3 |
| Most nights | 109 | 50.2 |
| Wear disposable lenses | 58 | 26.7 |
| Sleeping in lenses | ||
| Never | 153 | 70.5 |
| Only on a nap | 41 | 18.9 |
| Overnight less than once / month | 12 | 5.5 |
| Overnight ≥ once / month | 11 | 5.1 |
| Sharing lenses | ||
| Never | 181 | 83.4 |
| 1-2 times in the past | 22 | 10.1 |
| Occasionally | 11 | 5.1 |
| All the time | 3 | 1.4 |
| Showering with lenses | ||
| Never | 154 | 71.0 |
| Occasionally | 35 | 16.1 |
| Frequently | 9 | 4.1 |
| All the time | 19 | 8.8 |
| Swimming with lenses | ||
| Never | 164 | 75.6 |
| Occasionally | 23 | 10.6 |
| Always, but throw them after | 12 | 5.5 |
| Always and don’t throw them out | 18 | 8.3 |
Among 217 students used contact lenses
High percentage of the participants correctly identified the increased risk of CLs-related complications in case of sharing lenses (92.5%), sleeping with lenses (89.6%), non-washing hands before handling (83.0%), and non-using fresh cleaning solution (76.0%). Table-IV.
Table-IV.
Reported contact lenses-related complication(s) by medical students’ users at King Abdulaziz University.
| Type of complication | Number (No= 217) | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Any CLs’ related complication (≥ 1) | 66 | 30.4 |
| Acute red eye | 43 | 19.8 |
| Conjunctivitis | 41 | 18.9 |
| Corneal abrasion | 18 | 8.3 |
| Dry eyes | 10 | 4.6 |
| Abscess | 7 | 3.2 |
| Keratitis | 6 | 2.8 |
| Corneal ulcer | 6 | 2.8 |
| Stye | 2 | 0.9 |
| Other complications | 9 | 4.1 |
Each question was separately asked.
DISCUSSION
Our results revealed that 50.2% of the participants had tried CLs, which is lower than rate (62%) reported by students from Ohio University, USA.11 This difference may be because the previous study was done among all university students.
We found that about two-fifths of our participants were current users of CLs, which coincides with another Saudi study.12 However, a lower rate (27.4%) was reported among medical students from Brazil, 200613, which may be due to differences between times of studies, or target populations. Another study among USA adults reported a lower prevalence (16.7%),5 than ours, which may be due to differences between target populations.
A predominance of female CLS’ users was illustrated in our study, and this may be due to more usage for cosmetic purposes. This result coincides with other studies.3,11 The Riyadh’s study reported a higher prevalence of usage (70.2%),9 as their study included females only, or due to differences between target populations.
Our study found that 58.9% of the participants used CLs for cosmetic purpose only, which coincides with the results from Riyadh,9 and India.3 Furthermore, 35.9% of our participants used CLs for visual correction, which is higher than the percentage from Riyadh (19.1%).9 Furthermore, 28.6% of our participants used CLs for both cosmetic and visual corrective purposes, which is lower than the rate reported among Pakistani health care providers.14 This discrepancy may be due to the differences between ages, and the populations.
Yearly lenses were the commonest used type in our study, which is contrary to other studies (daily or monthly types).3,13,15 This difference may be attributed to lack of times of medical students to frequently purchase lenses. We also found that the majority of our CLs’ users obtained their lenses from opticians. On the contrary most of participants from Sydney purchased them from optometrists.16 This difference may be due to availability of optometrists in Australia, or because their study was done through focus group (20 wearers).
The present study revealed that 71.9% of CLs’ users washed their hands before wearing lenses. A higher percentage (89.4%) was reported from Riyadh as they received instructions about CLs’ hygienic practices.9 Our study showed that 57.1% of the participants washed their hands with soap and water before touching lenses, which is better than results from Maldives (44.2%).17 This discrepancy may be due to differences between target populations.
In Thailand, five improper CLs-care practices were reported as wearing lenses longer than recommended, not changing storage solution daily, swimming with lenses, using tap water for rising lenses and not washing hands before handling lenses.18 These results are in line with our findings. Furthermore, our results showed that about half of CLs’ users exceeded the recommended period of renewal, which coincides also with the Maldives’ study.17
Overnight lens usage was reported to be associated with much increased risk of microbial keratitis.19 In the current study, 29.5% of our participants slept with their lenses (18.9% for a nap and 10.6% overnight). These results are in line with results from Riyadh,9 Maldives17 and Australia.20 However, 50.2% of adults’ wearers from USA online study reported sleeping overnight with CLs.5 This discrepancy may be related to differences between target populations or types of lenses. Our study revealed that 18.9% of the students napped with their CLs, which is lower than the rate reported between the adults from USA (87.1% have ever napped with lenses).5 This difference may be because many soft and some rigid CLs from the USA have approved indications for sleeping.
Our results showed that 29.0 % and 24.4% of the users reported taking showers and swimming with CLs, respectively, which coincide with results from Maldives.17 However, the USA online study illustrated much higher rates (84.9% and 61.0%, respectively).5 This discrepancy may be also related to differences between populations.
The percentage of our participants who replaced CLs’ cleaning solution overnight was 9.2%, and those who occasionally replaced it was 50.2%. The study of Riyadh found that percentage of replacement every day to two days was 72.7%.9
Proper CLs’ hygienic practices are associated with lower complications.20 About one-third of our participants reported at least one CLs-related complication(s). However, a higher rate was reported among university students from Makkah.12 This discrepancy may be due to differences between the target populations.
In the current study, acute red eye and conjunctivitis were the comments reported CLs’ complications, while keratitis was reported by only 2.8%. Similar findings were reported from Brazil13 and India.3 The online study done among USA adults showed that approximately one-third of the users reported occurrence of CLs-related red or painful eye that required visiting physician.5 Jones, et al.8 reported a slightly higher rate of red eyes between participants aged < 16 years. Such discrepancies may be due to differences between ages. Cho, et al21 reported high tear cytokine concentration and conjunctival cell metaplasia in habitual reusable soft CLs’ wearer.
Dry eyes occurred among about 4.6% of our participants, which agrees with the results of Jones, et al.8 However, higher rates were reported from the study done in Japan and Canada22, and among senior Chinese high school students.23 This discrepancy may be also attributed to differences between age groups.
The rate of severe eye complications in our study was much lower than that reported from London hospital’s emergency department.24 The cause of such discrepancy may be the differences between both study settings.
Regarding awareness of all participants about CLs-related complications, many of them had good knowledge. On the other hand, results of a recent study from Ghana, 2017, found that only 34.8% of the glass wearers knew about CLs.1 The differences between the target populations from both countries may attributed to such differences.1
CONCLUSION
A relatively high prevalence of CLs usage prevailed among medical students in the present study. Females, second-year students, and those who lived in university dorms reported higher prevalence of use. The commonest cause of usage was for cosmetic purpose. Non-compliance with CLs’ hygienic practices prevailed among users. Acute red eye and conjunctivitis were the commonest complications. However, keratitis, corneal ulcer and stye were less frequently occurred. Provision of sound educational messages for all CLs’ consumers by ophthalmologist, optometry and at dispensing shops is needed. Theses educational messages need to concentrate on hygienic practices and complications related to usages.
Acknowledgments
We thank all participants, and all managers who facilitated the study.
Authors’ Contribution
NKI: Selected the study topic, designed the study, conducted statistical analysis, writing, and editing of manuscript.
HS, RK, MB, & LR: Data collection and entry, helped in statistical analysis and in manuscript writing.
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