In Table 1, some values appear in the incorrect columns. Please see the corrected Table 1 here.
Table 1. Participant characteristics (N = 1,642).
Non-regular users (less than 60 minutes a day) n = 1,412 |
Regular users (60 minutes or more a day) n = 230 |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p -value | |
Sex | |||||||
Female | 801 | 48.8 | 712 | 50.4 | 89 | 38.7 | .001 |
Male | 841 | 51.2 | 700 | 49.6 | 141 | 61.3 | |
Presence of parents | |||||||
Two-parent family | 1514 | 92.2 | 1302 | 92.2 | 212 | 92.2 | .985 |
Single-parent family | 128 | 7.8 | 110 | 7.8 | 18 | 7.8 | |
Presence of siblings | |||||||
Yes | 1370 | 83.4 | 1180 | 83.6 | 190 | 82.6 | .716 |
No | 272 | 16.6 | 232 | 16.4 | 40 | 17.4 | |
Annual household income (in millions of JPY) | |||||||
≥ 9 | 276 | 17.3 | 242 | 17.6 | 34 | 15.2 | .026 |
6–9 | 458 | 28.6 | 406 | 29.5 | 52 | 23.2 | |
3–6 | 704 | 44.0 | 599 | 43.5 | 105 | 46.9 | |
< 3 | 162 | 10.1 | 129 | 9.4 | 33 | 14.7 | |
Maternal education level | |||||||
More than 4 years at college/university | 526 | 32.4 | 471 | 33.7 | 55 | 24.2 | < .001 |
Up to 4 years at college/university | 674 | 41.5 | 586 | 41.9 | 88 | 38.8 | |
Upper secondary school | 385 | 23.7 | 312 | 22.3 | 73 | 32.2 | |
Compulsory education | 40 | 2.5 | 29 | 2.1 | 11 | 4.8 | |
Paternal education level | |||||||
More than 4 years at college/university | 878 | 56.0 | 772 | 57.3 | 106 | 47.7 | < .001 |
Up to 4 years at college/university | 233 | 14.9 | 200 | 14.8 | 33 | 14.9 | |
Upper secondary school | 381 | 24.3 | 323 | 24.0 | 58 | 26.1 | |
Compulsory education | 77 | 4.9 | 52 | 3.9 | 25 | 11.3 | |
Maternal employment status | |||||||
Employed (full-time) | 415 | 25.8 | 359 | 26.0 | 56 | 24.8 | .485 |
Employed (part-time) | 542 | 33.7 | 458 | 33.1 | 84 | 37.2 | |
Unemployed/homemaker | 652 | 40.5 | 566 | 40.9 | 86 | 38.1 | |
Paternal employment status | |||||||
Employed (full-time) | 1527 | 98.0 | 1311 | 98.1 | 216 | 97.7 | .821 |
Employed (part-time) | 27 | 1.7 | 23 | 1.7 | 4 | 1.8 | |
Unemployed/homemaker | 4 | .3 | 3 | .2 | 1 | .5 | |
Maternal average spending time of talking or playing with children (minutes per day) | |||||||
≥ 60 | 1520 | 94.5 | 1306 | 94.4 | 214 | 95.5 | .474 |
< 60 | 88 | 5.5 | 78 | 5.6 | 10 | 4.5 | |
Paternal average spending time of talking or playing with children (minutes per day) | |||||||
≥ 60 | 858 | 58.1 | 731 | 57.6 | 127 | 60.5 | .442 |
< 60 | 620 | 41.9 | 537 | 42.4 | 83 | 39.5 | |
Emotional/behavioral problems at preschool | |||||||
Normal/borderline | 1501 | 91.6 | 1301 | 92.3 | 200 | 87.3 | .011 |
Abnormal | 137 | 8.4 | 108 | 7.7 | 29 | 12.7 |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire–Total Difficulties Score: normal/borderline: 0–15, abnormal: 16–40
Reference
- 1.Hosokawa R, Katsura T (2018) Association between mobile technology use and child adjustment in early elementary school age. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0199959 10.1371/journal.pone.0199959 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]