Abstract
Background:
Alteration of environmental factors and air pollution affects the trend of allergic diseases especially in cities such as Tehran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and asthma among adults in the capital city of Iran.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study was performed between 2013 and 2016 in Tehran, Iran. The participants were adults between 18 and 45 yr of age. A specific questionnaire including demographic data and clinical symptoms was filled out by a trained interviewer. The diagnosis of allergic diseases was performed based on standard questionnaires and criteria.
Results:
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis were 28.3%, 15.9%, 7.6% and 3.9%, respectively. Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis together were reported in 12.3% of the participants. Among patients with asthma, 47.4% had AR. Additionally, 25.7% of atopic dermatitis subjects were reported to have asthma. The subjects with at least one of these allergic diseases were 36.3%. Women showed a higher prevalence of allergic symptoms than men. There was a significant relationship between allergic symptoms and family history of atopic diseases.
Conclusion:
The most common allergic disease was allergic rhinitis. Regarding the comorbidity of asthma and allergic rhinitis, paying more attention to controlling these allergic diseases is deemed necessary.
Keywords: Prevalence, Allergic rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis, Atopic dermatitis, Asthma
Introduction
The increased prevalence of allergic diseases has been reported in different epidemiologic studies, which could be due to environmental changes (1). This increase should be considered as a public health problem worldwide. Hundreds of millions suffer from allergic rhinitis and asthma (2).
Different organs can be affected by allergic diseases (1) the most common of which are asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis (3). These diseases result in the inability and ailment of the patients (4), affecting their quality of life, making them unable to work or study (5, 6) and imposing a significant socioeconomic burden on families and the health care system (4).
Air pollution, climate change, and global warming can affect the trends of allergic diseases. They do so by giving rise to the growth of plants through increasing, precipitating or prolonging pollination (7). There is a positive relationship between living in urban areas and air pollution on the other hand and the rise of allergic diseases (especially respiratory allergies) on the other (7, 8). Tehran, the capital of Iran with around 9 million inhabitants, has severe air pollution problems and the health of its inhabitants has seriously been affected by different diseases especially cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (9).
There are very few epidemiological studies on the prevalence of allergic diseases in adults. Studies in Tehran (10), Mashhad (11) and Urmia (12), have reported the prevalence of asthma or allergic diseases among the adult population. Therefore, taking into consideration the data of a number of studies and the increase in air pollution and environmental changes in Tehran, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis among adults in Tehran from 2013 to 2016.
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2013 and 2016. The participants were adult volunteers aged 18–45 from the 22 districts of Tehran, Iran referred to Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Based on the inclusion criteria, participants had to be between 18 to 45 yr of age and had to be a resident of Tehran during the last year.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute. A signed informed consent was obtained from all participants before the interview.
In addition to questions related to clinical symptoms, demographic data (age, gender, and education), smoking behavior and family history of allergic diseases were also recorded. The questionnaires were filled out by a trained interviewer.
Definitions and Questionnaires
This study’s questionnaire included 4 sections: questions about allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (from English version of Tuohilampi) (13), asthma (European Community Respiratory Health Survey, ECRHS) (14), and atopic dermatitis (UK Diagnostic Criteria for AD) (15). The questionnaire was translated into Persian. Then, it was translated back to English. The validity was confirmed by an expert committee including one immunologist, five subspecialists in allergy and clinical immunology and one biostatistics. The reliability was determined by kappa coefficient.
The ECRHS questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms (14). The ECRHS questions related to asthma included wheezing in the last 12 months, breathlessness with wheezing, waking up with tightness, shortness of breath and coughing in the last year, having asthma attacks, and medication for asthma symptoms. Positive response to questions including “wheezing and wheezing accompanied by breathlessness” was considered in the definition of asthma (16).
The English version of Tuohilampi questionnaire was used for allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis (AC). The questions inquired respondents about “(a) chronic nasal symptoms without cold, (b) allergic nasal symptoms from pollen or animals and (c) Physician Diagnosis of AR” (13). Having nasal allergic symptoms resulting from pollen or animals was considered as the criterion for AR (13).
The allergic conjunctivitis questions asked the samples whether they had “(a) irritation of the eyes without a cold, (b) allergic eye symptoms resulting from pollen or animals and (c) Physician Diagnosis of AC”. The positive response to eye allergic symptoms resulting from pollen or animals was considered as the criterion for AC (13).
The UK diagnostic criteria were used to evaluate AD. The questions inquired the respondents to see if they ever had “itchy skin, history of flex-uraleczema, generalized dry skin, history of asthma or AR, onset of rash under the age of two and visible flexural dermatitis”. Itchy skin along with three other mentioned symptoms was considered as the diagnostic criterion for AD (15).
Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 20 (Chicago, IL, USA). Kappa coefficient was calculated for evaluation of reliability. The frequency and percent of categorical variables were calculated. Chi-squared test was used for relationship between two categorical variables. Odds ratio was determined to evaluate the association between two categorical variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. The graph was drawn using Prism 5 (Graphpad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) software.
Results
In this cross-sectional study, 2569 subjects were included. The mean and standard deviation of age were 30.72± 7.06 yr. The participants were 1866 males (72.6%). The demographic characteristics of participants are summarized in Table 1. The questionnaire’s kappa coefficient of agreement was between 0.7 and 1.
Table 1:
The demographic characteristics of study participants
| Variables | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 1866(72.6) |
| Female | 703(27.4) |
| Age Groups(yr) | |
| 18–25 | 662(26.2) |
| 26–35 | 1190(47) |
| 36–45y | 678(26.8) |
| Smoking Status | |
| Non-Smoker | 2014(79.7) |
| Smoker | 424(16.8) |
| Ex-Smoker | 40(1.6) |
| Hubble bubble | 50(2) |
| Education | |
| Under diploma | 162(6.4) |
| Diploma | 810(32.2) |
| BS | 1158(46) |
| MS | 269(10.7) |
| PhD | 116(4.6) |
| Family History of Allergic diseases | |
| Yes | 697(28.1) |
| No | 1785(71.9) |
A significant difference was observed in the frequency of allergic symptoms (except wheezing) between males and females. Women showed a higher prevalence of allergic symptoms (Table 2).
Table 2:
The frequency of allergic symptoms according to sex in Tehran
| Allergic Symptoms | Males | Females | Total | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Asthma | Wheezing | 311(16.7) | 115(16.4) | 426(16.6) | 0.85 |
| Wheezing with Breathlessness | 115(6.2) | 79(11.3) | 194(7.6) | <0.001 | |
| Wheezing without cold | 170(9.1) | 70(10) | 240(9.4) | 0.51 | |
| Chest Tightness | 60(3.2) | 91(13) | 152(5.9) | <0.001 | |
| Shortness of breath | 83(4.5) | 67(9.5) | 150(5.8) | <0.001 | |
| Nocturnal cough | 107(5.7) | 118(16.8) | 225(8.8) | <0.001 | |
| Asthma Attack | 15(0.8) | 20(2.8) | 35(1.4) | <0.001 | |
| Medication for asthma | 48(2.6) | 29(4.1) | 77(3) | 0.04 | |
| Chronic nasal symptoms without cold | 501(26.9) | 246(35) | 747(29.1) | <0.001 | |
| Allergic nasal symptoms from pollen or animals | 502(27) | 224(32) | 726(28.3) | 0.01 | |
| AR | Physician Diagnosis AR | 249(13.4) | 147(20.9) | 396(15.4) | <0.001 |
| Irritation of eyes without cold | 358(19.2) | 234(33.3) | 592(23.1) | <0.001 | |
| Allergic eye symptoms from pollen or animals | 243(13.1) | 164(23.4) | 407(15.9) | <0.001 | |
| AC | Physician Diagnosis AC | 105(5.6) | 78(11.1) | 183(7.1) | <0.001 |
| Itchy skin | 248(13.3) | 275(39.2) | 523(20.4) | <0.001 | |
| FlexuralEczema | 41(2.2) | 68(9.8) | 109(4.3) | <0.001 | |
| Generalized dry skin | 44(2.4) | 114(16.4) | 158(6.2) | <0.001 | |
| AD | Rash under 2 y | 11(0.6) | 50(7.2) | 61(2.4) | <0.001 |
| Visible flexural dermatitis | 23(1.2) | 42(6.1) | 65(2.6) | <0.001 |
AR=Allergic Rhinitis, AC=Allergic Conjunctivitis, AD: Atopic Dermatitis
A positive family history of allergy was found in 28.1% of all participants while 42.2% of allergic subjects had positive family history. There was a significant relationship between allergic symptoms with a family history of allergic diseases (P<0.001, OR=2.90).
The prevalence of at least one of the allergic diseases was found in 36.3% of the cases. The most prevalent allergic diseases were AR and AC (28.3% and 15.9%, respectively). Among subjects with AR, the frequency of AC and asthma were, in turn, 43.6% and 12.5%. Additionally, 12.3% of the study population reported to have AR and AC at the same time.
The prevalence of wheezing and asthma were 16.6% and 7.6%, respectively. Among cases with asthma, 47.4% had AR. In addition, 13.4% of the subjects with asthma verified that they also had atopic dermatitis. There is a significant association between smoking habit and some asthma symptoms including wheezing, wheezing with breathlessness and nocturnal shortness of breath (P<0.001). Moreover, 3.9% of the subjects had AD. The frequency of asthma was 25.7% in participants with atopic dermatitis. The prevalence of AD was statistically different between age groups (P=0.03). With increase in age, the prevalence of AD plummeted (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1:
The prevalence of different allergic diseases according to age groups. AR=Allergic Rhinitis, AC=Allergic Conjunctivitis, AD: Atopic Dermatitis. (*P<0.05)
Eight subjects (0.3%) had all diseases at the same time. The statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the educational level and the prevalence of AR, AC and AD (P<0.001). In subjects with higher educational levels, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms was more frequent.
Discussion
The prevalence of at least one of the allergic disease was 36.3% among the adult’s population. The most common allergic disease was allergic rhinitis (28.3%) followed by allergic conjunctivitis (15.9%). Interestingly, in Korea, the overall prevalence of allergy was reported 37.6% in subjects more than 10 yr old (17).
Consistent with our study, in a telephone survey in Tehran, the prevalence of AR was 26.7% (18). In Mashhad, the lower prevalence of AR reported (22.4%) compared to our study (11). The results of our study regarding AR are somehow similar to those of Italy (25.8%) (19) and Turkey studies (23.1%) (20) while in the UAE, the prevalence of AR symptoms was shown to be 7% in all ages (21). In contrast to our study, a higher prevalence of current rhinitis was reported in Sweden (42.8%) (22).
AC was reported by 15.9% of our participants as a common allergic problem; afflicting 6% to 30% of the world population (23). This disorder is usually manifested in 50% to 70% of AR patients (24) the prevalence of which was 43.6% in this subgroup of subjects in the current study. The allergic conjunctivitis prevalence is not often determined because most of the questionnaires do not include questions about allergic conjunctivitis symptoms and ocular problems are often assessed by different specialists (23).
The prevalence of asthma was reported 7.6% in this study. To our knowledge, there has not been any recent study on asthma prevalence in Iranian adults since 2013. The estimation of asthma prevalence is complicated because of different meanings of asthma symptoms and current asthma (25). In a telephone survey in Tehran, in adults aged 20–44, the prevalence of wheezing (24%) and asthma (wheezing and breathless) (10.8%) was reported to be more than those of our study (10). In Urmia and Mashhad, the prevalence of most asthma symptoms was less than that of our study (11, 12).
There are many reports about the frequency of asthma symptoms throughout the world. The mean frequency of wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma among 70 world counties was 8.6% and 4.27%, respectively. China (1.73%) and Australia (27.4%) showed the minimum and maximum wheezing frequency in their population. Australia, England and Netherland showed the highest prevalence of asthma symptoms. Turkey, Pakistan and the UAE as Iran’s neighboring countries, in turn, showed 11.34%, 5.02% and 7.21% wheezing (6). In Canada, the prevalence of wheezing and breathlessness with wheezing was higher than the figures cited in our study. Furthermore, females showed higher frequency than males (26). Our findings showed a higher prevalence of wheezing (16.6%) in comparison with most Asian countries and the lower frequency of wheezing compared to some European countries and Canada (6, 26).
Many patients with asthma experience AR, which is an important comorbid with asthma (27). In the present study, 47.4% of participants with asthma symptoms had AR. Additionally, 12.5% of AR cases asserted that they exhibited asthma symptoms.
In this study, 3.9% of participants had AD. The result of this study was less than the one reported in Mashhad (6.6%) (11). Some countries such as Colombia (11.45%) (28) had a higher prevalence. In Europe, the prevalence of AD was 6.4% in men and 8.01% in women. Similar to our study, females were cited to have a higher prevalence. Being a female can increase odd ratio of developing AD (29).
In most studies including our study, adult females indicated a further prevalence of asthma and allergic symptoms compared with males. The cause of this is attributed to a rise in sex hormones such as progesterone (pro-inflammatory) in females and testosterone (anti-inflammatory) in males (30) and other factors including obesity and different environmental exposure (31).
Different factors could contribute to reporting the different prevalence of allergic diseases including geographical and ecological factors, genetic and ethnic variations, lifestyle differences (25), the methods or questionnaires employed for evaluation, different age groups and the time when a study is conducted (29).
Tehran as one of the most polluted cities in the world contains many air pollutants in its atmosphere. These air pollutants result in a variety of health issues (9). The airway mucosal tract could be injured by air pollution so aeroallergens could have easier accessibility to immune cells and increase respiratory sensitization. Due to high levels of air pollution in big cities (such as Tehran), allergic diseases are expected to rise (32). The prevalence of asthma and AR symptoms is higher in Tehran than in many other Asian countries (6, 20, 21).
In addition to providing updated data on prevalence of asthma and AR, the strength of this cross-sectional study is that it is the first of its kind to have determined prevalence of AC and AD in Tehran’s adults. The limitation of our study was the low number of female participants in the study have biased the overall allergic disease prevalence.
Conclusion
The prevalence of allergy was 36.3% in our study. Although the prevalence of AC and AD were 15.9 and 3.9%, respectively, the most common allergic diseases was AR (28.3%) which is evidence showing somehow a high prevalence and being considered as a comorbid with asthma (12.5%). With respect to these results, imperative to pay more attention to preventing and treating allergic diseases in adults.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.
Acknowledgements
This study has been supported by Immunology, Asthma, and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The authors wish to extend thanks Prof. Maritta Kilpelainen for permitting us to use AR and ARC questionnaire and Iran Blood Transfusion Organization staff and Mrs. Shamim Khandan for their outstanding collaboration.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
References
- 1.Jenerowicz D, Silny W, Danczak-Pazdrowska A, et al. (2012). Environmental factors and allergic diseases. Ann Agric Environ Med, 19(3): 475–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Pawankar R, Canonica G, Holgate S, Lockey R. (2011). World Allergy Organization (WAO) white book on allergy. Wisconsin: World Allergy Organisation; http://www.worldallergy.org/UserFiles/file/WAO-White-Book-on-Allergy_web.pdf [Google Scholar]
- 3.Panzer PC, van Cauvenberg P, Bousquet J. (2010). [Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) addresses the epidemic of allergy and asthma]. Cas Lek Cesk, 149(1):32–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Pawankar R, Bunnag C, Khaltaev N, Bousquet J. (2012). Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma in Asia Pacific and the ARIA Update 2008. World Allergy Organ J, 5(Suppl 3): S212–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. (2015). Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 152(2): 197–206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, et al. (2012). Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health, 12:204. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.D’Amato G, Baena-Cagnani CE, Cecchi L, et al. (2013). Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases. Multidiscip Respir Med, 8(1):12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Huang SK, Zhang Q, Qiu Z, Chung KF. (2015). Mechanistic impact of outdoor air pollution on asthma and allergic diseases. J Thorac Dis, 7(1):23–33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al. (2012). Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng, 9(1):28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Tazesh B, Shaabani A, Fazlollahi MR, et al. (2013). Prevalence of asthma symptoms and smoking behavior among 20–44 years old adults in Tehran: A telephone survey. Health, 5(3): 469–474. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Varasteh AR, Fereidouni M, Shakeri MT, et al. (2009). Prevalence of allergic disorders among the population in the city of Mashhad, Northeast Iran. J Public Health, 17(2): 107–12. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Rahimi-Rad MH, Gaderi-Pakdel F, Salari-Lak S. (2008). Smoking and asthma in 20–44-year-old adults in Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 14(1):6–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Kilpelainen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. (2001). Validation of a new questionnaire on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis in young adults. Allergy, 56(5):377–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.European Community Respiratory Health Survey. http://www.ecrhs.org/Quests.htm
- 15.Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, et al. (1994). The U.K. Working Party’s Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol, 131(3):383–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Sistek D, Tschopp JM, Schindler C, et al. (2001). Clinical diagnosis of current asthma: predictive value of respiratory symptoms in the SAPALDIA study. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Eur Respir J, 17(2): 214–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Park HJ, Kim EJ, Yoon D, et al. (2017). Prevalence of Self-reported Allergic Diseases and IgE Levels: A 2010 KNHANES Analysis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res, 9(4): 329–39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Fazlollahi MR, Souzanchi G, Nourizadeh M, et al. (2017). The prevalence of allergic Rhinitis and its realtionship with second hand tobacco smoke among adults of Iran. Acta Med Iran, 55(11):712–717. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.de Marco R, Cappa V, Accordini S, et al. (2012). Trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Italy between 1991 and 2010. Eur Respir J, 39(4): 883–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Cingi C, Topuz B, Songu M, et al. (2010). Prevalence of allergic rhinitis among the adult population in Turkey. Acta Otolaryngol, 130(5): 600–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Mahboub B, Al-Hammadi S, Prakash VP, et al. (2014). Prevalence and triggers of allergic rhinitis in the United Arab Emirates. World Allergy Organ J, 7(1):19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Ronmark EP, Ekerljung L, Mincheva R, et al. (2016). Different risk factor patterns for adult asthma, rhinitis and eczema: results from West Sweden Asthma Study. Clin Transl Allergy, 6:28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D. (2015). Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 15(5): 482–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, Scadding GK. (2011). Allergic rhinitis. Lancet, 378(9809): 2112–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, et al. (2012). Indian study on epidemiology of asthma, respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in adults (INSEARCH). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 16(9): 1270–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Manfreda J, Becklake MR, Sears MR, et al. (2001). Prevalence of asthma symptoms among adults aged 20–44 years in Canada. CMAJ, 164(7): 995–1001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz A, et al. (2008). Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008. Allergy, 63 Suppl 86:8–160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Dennis RJ, Caraballo L, Garcia E, et al. (2012). Prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia 2009–2010: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med, 12:17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Harrop J, Chinn S, Verlato G, et al. (2007). Eczema, atopy and allergen exposure in adults: a population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy, 37(4): 526–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Osman M, Hansell AL, Simpson CR, et al. (2007). Gender-specific presentations for asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in primary care. Prim Care Respir J, 16(1):28–35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Leynaert B, Sunyer J, Garcia-Esteban R, et al. (2012). Gender differences in prevalence, diagnosis and incidence of allergic and non-allergic asthma: a population-based cohort. Thorax, 67(7): 625–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M, Holgate S. (2005). Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 35(9): 1113–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]