Abstract
AIM
To assess the correlation between the efficacy of lusutrombopag and clinical characteristics in patients with chronic liver disease.
METHODS
In this retrospective, multicenter study, which conducted at four locations in Japan, 50 thrombocytopenic patients with chronic liver disease were enrolled. All patients received oral lusutrombopag (3.0 mg/d for 7 d) for chronic liver disease. We assessed the increase in platelet count after the trial drug administration. A treatment response was defined as a platelet count ≥ 5 × 104/μL and an increased platelet count ≥ 2 × 104/μL from baseline after drug administration. We evaluated the response to lusutrombopag compared to baseline clinical characteristics in patients with chronic liver disease.
RESULTS
The numbers of responders and non-responders were 40 (80.0%) and 10 (20.0%), respectively. The patients were divided into a responder and non-responder group, and we added factors that may correspond to successful treatment with lusutrombopag. Splenic volume and body weight were lower in the responder group than in the non-responder group. White blood cell count and hemoglobin level were higher in responders compared with non-responders. Using a logistic regression model to assess the relationship between response to lusutrombopag and clinical characteristics, multivariate analysis confirmed that splenic volume was an independent factor that predicted the response of platelet counts (P = 0.025; odds ratio = 11.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.354-103.0). Splenic volume negatively correlated to changes in platelet count (r = -0.524, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Splenic volume influences the change in platelet counts after administration of lusutrombopag in patients with chronic liver disease.
Keywords: Lusutrombopag, Portal hypertension, Splenic volume, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombopoietin receptor agonist
Core tip: Lusutrombopag is an oral, small-molecule thrombopoietin receptor agonist used for the treatment of thrombocytopenic patients with chronic liver diseases. However, the response to this drug is unpredictable. The study aimed to assess the correlation between the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic liver disease and the efficacy of lusutrombopag treatment. Splenic volume influences the change in platelet counts after administration of lusutrombopag in patients with chronic liver disease. Splenic volume increase is negatively related to changes in the platelet count.
INTRODUCTION
Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of end-stage liver disease that leads to portal hypertension[1,2]. Severe thrombocytopenia can significantly increase a patient’s risk of bleeding, especially during surgery or other invasive procedures[3]. Some cirrhotic patients with severe thrombocytopenia require blood transfusions prior to an invasive surgery[4]. However, platelet transfusion poses some risks, such as bacterial contamination, severe allergic reaction, and alloimmunization to platelets[5]. Therefore, to minimize the administration of transfusion, additional methods for reducing the incidence of bleeding events in thrombocytopenic patients are required.
Lusutrombopag is an oral, small-molecule thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist (TPO-RA) used for the treatment of thrombocytopenic patients with chronic liver disease. This new drug promotes thrombopoiesis via the human TPO receptor on the surface of bone marrow cells[6]. TPO production is dependent on functional liver cells, and TPO in the peripheral blood in advanced-stage liver disease severely is reduced. Therefore, patients with inadequate TPO production due to chronic liver disease are the principal targets of treatment with lusutrombopag[7].
However, the response to this drug is unpredictable, assuming that the drug may exert more dramatic effects in patients with thrombocytopenia associated with severe liver disease prior to invasive surgery. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the correlation between the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic liver disease and the efficacy of lusutrombopag treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethics
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board Ethics Committee at all four institutes. This study is registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN 000031354.
Populations
This multicenter retrospective study was conducted at four locations in Japan. Enrollment commenced in February 2015 and ended at the end of March 2018. This study enrolled thrombocytopenic patients, who received oral lusutrombopag (3.0 mg/d for 7 d), and from whom blood samples to analyze changes in platelet counts were collected on days 1, 5, 12 (or the maximum count), and 28, according to the manufacturer’s prescription guidelines. The enrolled thrombocytopenic patients had chronic liver disease, which was composed of either cirrhosis or non-cirrhosis. Cirrhosis in these patients were caused by hepatitis C, hepatitis B, alcoholic or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Non-cirrhotic patients were composed of patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or an extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. The diagnosis of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic diseases was based on laboratory results and imaging tests that revealed a hepatic cirrhotic appearance, gastroesophageal varices, ascites, splenomegaly, portal vein obstruction, and/or portal collateral circulation. Liver biopsy was not performed for any of the patients with liver cirrhosis because of the high risk of life-threatening complications. Any patients with hematologic disease, past history of thromboembolism, who underwent blood or platelet transfusions in the previous 2 wk, or those who had changes in their doses of conventional drugs were excluded.
Clinical parameters
General characteristics, demographic information, procedures, and all laboratory data, except for serological data, were obtained during the administration of the trial drug. Laboratory tests included: Platelet count, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, percent prothrombin time, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein level, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin, HbA1c, α-fetoprotein (AFP), and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II). Two non-invasive fibrosis markers and an algorithm-based score model were calculated as follows: (1) AST to platelet ratio index (APRI): APRI = [AST (/35 IU/L)/platelets (103/μL)] × 100; (2) Fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) index: FIB-4 = [AST (IU/L) × Age (years)]/[ALT (IU/L) × platelets (103/μL)]; (3) Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD): MELD = 3.78 × loge [serum bilirubin (mg/dL)] + 11.2 × loge [PT-INR] + 9.57 × loge [serum creatinine (mg/dL)] + 6.43. Calculation of splenic volume, portal vein diameter, and splenic vein diameter in patients with chronic liver disease was conducted via abdominal computed tomography (CT) on a multidetector scanner during a 6-mo period. After image acquisition, the data were transferred to an image processing workstation. Five-millimeter slices from enhanced CT images of the entire spleen were obtained and outlined using a semi-automatic segmentation technique by an experienced radiological technologist. Volume software on the workstation computer were used to calculate the total splenic volume by adding the slice thickness to determine the volume for each section of the spleen[8] (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Axial computed tomography section (A) and reconstructed 3-D image (B) of the spleen. The volume measurement was performed using virtual organ computer-aided analysis on enhanced computed tomography in an enrolled patient with splenomegaly. The total volume was 1212 mL calculated using the software.
Evaluation of treatment response and safety assessments
We investigated an increase in platelet count after the trial drug administration. We evaluated the response to lusutrombopag compared to baseline clinical characteristics in patients with chronic liver disease. According to a phase 3 trial, a treatment response was defined as a platelet count ≥ 5 × 104/μL with an increased platelet count ≥ 2 × 104/μL from baseline after drug administration[6-9].
We also evaluated adverse events at each visit. The data on all adverse events was collected from the start of the administration to up to 90 d after the first dosing. The severity of any adverse events was graded using CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events), version 4.0.
Statistical analysis
Our estimated response rate in thrombocytopenic patients was 83% based on previous studies[9]. With an alpha of 0.05 and power of 80%, 50 patients were required for this trial. Data were analyzed using the SPSS v.24.0 software package (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). All data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Continuous variables in the responder and non-responder groups were compared using the unpaired t-test. The paired t-test was used to compare paired data. Correlations between the changes in platelet count and clinical characteristics were determined using Pearson’s r coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to establish sensitivity-specificity relationships. Univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the correlation between response and clinical characteristics. We categorized patients into two groups by each variable using a median value. Variables that achieved statistical significance (P < 0.05) or marginal significance (P < 0.15) on univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate Cox proportion hazard model to identify significant independent factors. All differences with a P-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical methods of this study had been reviewed by the Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
RESULTS
Participating patients
A total of 59 patients were treated with lusutrombopag from February 2015 through March 2018 in the four study centers. Of these, 6 patients did not meet the above inclusion criteria (3 patients received an insufficient dose of the trial drug during the period of the study, 2 patients had a change in the doses of their conventional drugs, and 1 patient received a platelet transfusion before day 12). When we assessed the remaining 53 patients for eligibility, 3 patients were excluded because of missing data regarding their splenic volume and/or their blood samples. The data of the remaining 50 patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 65.9 ± 10.2 years (range, 48-83 years), 34 (68.0%) patients were male, and 26 (52.0%) patients had liver cancer. The mean body weight was 64.7 ± 12.1 kg (range, 46.5-93.0 kg), and the mean height was 1.63 ± 0.10 m (range, 1.20-1.81 m). Forty-eight (96.0%) patients had liver cirrhosis caused by hepatic viruses (n = 21) and non-hepatic viruses (n = 27). The mean platelet count was 4.48 ± 1.07 × 104/μL (range, 3-7 × 104/μL), albumin was 3.46 ± 0.54 g/dL (range, 2.2-4.5 g/dL), serum creatinine was 0.82 ± 0.21 mg/dL (range, 0.49-1.61 dL), AST was 47.4 ± 25.6 IU/L (range, 15-133 IU/L), total bilirubin was 1.41 ± 0.83 g/dL (range, 0.6-4.9 g/dL), and AFP was 33.4 ± 82.7 ng/mL (range, 2-479 ng/mL). According to non-invasive fibrosis markers and an algorithm-based score model, the mean MELD score was 7.26 ± 3.05 (range, 2-16), APRI was 31.3 ± 17.3 (range, 11-80), and the FIB-4 index was 12.4 ± 5.49 (range, 4.51-25.7). The numbers and proportions of invasive procedures in radiofrequency ablation, interventional radiology, and endoscopic therapy were 14 (28%), 10 (20%), and 22 (44%), respectively.
Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics
| All | Responder | Non-responder | P value | |
| n | 50 | 40 | 10 | |
| Age (yr) | 65.9 ± 10.2 | 66.2 ± 10.2 | 64.7 ± 10.4 | 0.638 |
| Gender: Male, n (%) | 34 (68.0) | 25 (63.9) | 9 (90.0) | 0.138 |
| Height (m) | 1.63 ± 0.10 | 1.62 ± 0.11 | 1.64 ± 0.08 | 0.695 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.7 ± 12.1 | 63.0 ± 11.3 | 71.6 ± 13.4 | 0.044 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.92 | 24.3 ± 4.10 | 25.2 ± 3.25 | 0.548 |
| Etiology (n) | 0.717 | |||
| Cirrhotic/Non-cirrhotic | 48/2 | 39/1 | 9/1 | |
| HCV/HBV/Alcohol/Non-viral | 15/6/15/12 | 13/4/11/11 | 2/2/4/1 | 0.717 |
| IPH/EHO | 1/1 | 1/0 | 0/1 | |
| Child-Pugh | 6.94 ± 1.57 | 6.98 ± 1.62 | 6.80 ± 1.40 | 0.756 |
| MELD | 7.26 ± 3.05 | 7.02 ± 2.98 | 8.20 ± 3.33 | 0.281 |
| Liver cancer, n (%) | 26 (52.0) | 22 (55.2) | 4 (40.0) | 0.490 |
| Splenic volume (mL) | 741 ± 325 | 653 ± 267 | 1092 ± 314 | <0.001 |
| Spleen vein diameter (mm) | 10.8 ± 3.60 | 10.3 ± 3.47 | 12.8 ± 3.69 | 0.059 |
| Portal diameter (mm) | 12.6 ± 3.45 | 12.3 ± 3.46 | 14.1 ± 3.12 | 0.143 |
| Procedure: RFA/IVR/Endoscopy/Others (n) | 14/10/22/4 | 12/8/18/2 | 2/2/4/2 | 0.273 |
| APRI | 31.3 ± 17.3 | 31.7 ± 15.6 | 29.0 ± 23.8 | 0.661 |
| FIB-4 index | 12.4 ± 5.49 | 12.8 ± 5.65 | 10.9 ± 4.71 | 0.315 |
| White blood cells (/μL) | 3149 ± 1039 | 3330 ± 1051 | 2480 ± 681 | 0.020 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.0 ± 2.14 | 12.4 ± 1.84 | 10.7 ± 2.82 | 0.026 |
| Platelets (× 104/μL) | 4.48 ± 1.07 | 4.50 ± 1.12 | 4.35 ± 0.82 | 0.778 |
| Prothrombin time (%) | 66.7 ± 12.5 | 67.1 ± 11.6 | 64.6 ± 16.3 | 0.578 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.00 ± 0.70 | 7.02 ± 0.69 | 6.93 ± 0.75 | 0.726 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.46 ± 0.54 | 3.39 ± 0.53 | 3.72 ± 0.56 | 0.089 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 15.8 ± 5.76 | 15.5 ± 5.53 | 17.3 ± 6.69 | 0.277 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.21 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.443 |
| AST (IU/L) | 47.4 ± 25.6 | 48.4 ± 23.2 | 43.6 ± 35.2 | 0.602 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 36.7 ± 22.9 | 37.5 ± 21.3 | 34.2 ± 30.2 | 0.700 |
| Total bilirubin (g/dL) | 1.41 ± 0.83 | 1.40 ± 0.85 | 1.45 ± 0.76 | 0.873 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.98 ± 1.15 | 5.97 ± 1.15 | 6.03 ± 1.23 | 0.901 |
| Ammonia (μg/dL) | 66.7 ± 42.0 | 64.3 ± 37.3 | 75.9 ± 58.5 | 0.442 |
| AFP (ng/mL) | 33.4 ± 82.7 | 29.0 ± 80.8 | 54.2 ± 95.2 | 0.441 |
| PIVKA- II (mAU/mL) | 48.1 ± 68.4 | 51.4 ± 75.7 | 32.8 ± 26.0 | 0.493 |
Data are expressed as mean, number (%), or mean (standard derivation). IPH: Idiopathic portal hypertension; EHO: Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; IVR: Interventional radiology; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; APRI: AST to platelet ratio index; FIB-4: Fibrosis 4 index; AFP: α-fetoprotein; PIVKA: Protein induced by vitamin K absence; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.
Clinical effect
The numbers and proportions of patients in the responder and non-responder groups were 40 (80%) and 10 (20%), respectively. After treatment with oral lusutrombopag for all enrolled patients, a significant increase was observed in the mean platelet count from 4.49 ± 1.03 × 104/μL pre-treatment to 9.13 ± 3.50 × 104/μL post-treatment. Changes in platelet counts on days 5, 12, and 28 were 1.16, 4.64, and 1.02 (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively) (Figure 2). All patients had sufficient platelet counts (platelet count ≥ 5 × 104/μL) except 2 patients (platelet count < 5 × 104/μL) who received blood transfusions prior to an elective invasive procedure. After the invasive procedures, there were no instances of spontaneous bleeding.
Figure 2.
Mean changes in platelet count in all patients with splenomegaly treated with 3.0 mg/d lusutrombopag for 7 d. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. The paired t-test was used to compare paired data. Max: The maximum count.
Thrombocytopenic patients receiving blood transfusions
In the non-responder group (n = 10), 2 patients received platelet transfusion prior to an elective invasive procedure. One patient was a woman with HCV-related liver cirrhosis, and the splenic volume was 890 mL. Her pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-platelet transfusion platelet counts were 4.1, 5.5, and 6.5 × 104/μL, respectively. Another patient was a man with HBV-related liver cirrhosis, and the splenic volume was 1720 mL. His platelet counts pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-platelet transfusions were 4.0, 4.8, and 5.2 × 104/μL, respectively.
Clinical characteristics of responders
Splenic volume was significantly lower in responders compared with non-responders (653.0 ± 267 mL vs 1,092 ± 314 mL, P < 0.0001) (Table 1). Body weight was lower in the responder group compared to the non-responder group (63.0 ± 11.3 kg vs 71.6 ± 13.4 kg, P = 0.044). White blood cell and hemoglobin counts were higher in the responder group than in the non-responder group (3330 ± 1051/μL vs 2480 ± 681/μL, P = 0.020, and 12.4 ± 1.84 g/dL vs 10.7 ± 2.82 g/dL, P = 0.026, respectively). Furthermore, the responder group had slightly more males than females (P = 0.138). No significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to age, body mass index, etiology, the presence of liver cancer, the Child-Pugh score, the MELD score, and the APRI and FIB-4 indices. No significant differences between the groups were found with respect to platelets, serum albumin, serum creatinine, AST, ALT, and AFP.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with response
We evaluated the relationship between response to lusutrombopag and baseline clinical characteristics using a logistic regression model (Table 2). Splenic volume was identified as significant predictor in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed that splenic volume was an independent factor that predicted platelet response (P = 0.025, OR = 11.2; 95%CI: 1.354-103.0).
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors affecting the response to lusutrombopag
|
Univariate analysis |
Multiple analysis |
||||
| Variable | OR (95%CI) | P value | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Splenic size (mL) | 1: < 723 | 13.5 (1.556-117.1) | 0.018 | 11.2 (1.354-103.0) | 0.025 |
| 2: ≥ 723 | |||||
| Gender | 1: Male | ||||
| 2: Female | 5.41 (0.621-40.95) | 0.368 | |||
| Age (yr) | 1: <69 | 1.11 (0.270-4.550) | 0.168 | ||
| 2: ≥ 69 | |||||
| Platelets (×104/μL) | 1: < 4.5 | ||||
| 2: ≥ 4.5 | 2.02 (0.442-9.412) | 0.212 | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 1: < 12.4 | ||||
| 2: ≥ 12.4 | 2.581 (0.582-11.42) | 0.212 | |||
| BUN (mg/dL) | 1: < 15.2 | 1.66 (0.405-9.412) | 0.190 | ||
| 2: ≥ 15.2 | |||||
| Child-Pugh | 1: < 7 | 1.56 (0.582-11.42) | 0.212 | ||
| 2: ≥ 7 | |||||
| White blood cells (/μl) | 1: < 3000 | ||||
| 2: ≥ 3000 | 4.70 (0.878-25.22) | 0.072 | |||
| Weight (kg) | 1: < 62 | 2.85 (0.643-12.64) | 0.168 | ||
| 2: ≥ 62 | |||||
| Ammonia (μg/dL) | 1: < 56.5 | 1.43 (0.347-5.851) | 0.623 | ||
| 2: ≥ 56.5 | |||||
Correlation between change in platelet count and splenic volume
Splenic volume was associated with a change in platelet count (r = -0.524, P = 0.001) (Figure 3). Splenic volume increase was negatively related to changes in the platelet count.
Figure 3.
Correlation between change in platelet count and splenic size in patients with cirrhosis. Correlation was determined using Pearson’s r coefficient. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.
ROC curve analysis of response after administration of lusutrombopag
The respective cut-off point for splenic volume was estimated using ROC curves for responders after administration of the trial drug (Figure 4). A splenic volume cut-off of 855 mL predicted responders with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 87.5%.
Figure 4.
Receiver-operating characteristic curve for splenic size and the area under the curve.
Relationship between response to lusutrombopag and splenic volume
The numbers and proportions of patients with a splenic volume < 855 mL and splenic volume ≥ 855 mL were 36 (72.0%) and 14 (28.0%), respectively.
In the splenic volume < 855 mL group, the mean increase in platelet count from baseline administration of lusutrombopag was 5.68 ± 3.04 × 103/μL (P < 0.0001), with 97.2% (35/36) of patients as responders. In the splenic volume ≥ 855 mL group, the mean increase in platelet count from baseline was 2.03 ± 1.03 × 103/μL (P = 0.008), with 35.7% (5/14) of patients as responders. Unpaired t-test confirmed that the change in platelet count was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.001).
Safety assessment
The incidence of adverse events and adverse drug reactions was summarized in Table 3. Fever, AST increase, gastrointestinal disorders, chest pain, hypertension, and thromboembolic events were reported in 9 (25.7%) patients during treatment.
Table 3.
Adverse events
| Fever | Any grade | 2 (4.0) |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 0 | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased | Any grade | 2 (4.0) |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 0 | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Any grade | 1 (2.0) |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 0 | |
| Chest pain | Any grade | 1 (2.0) |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 0 | |
| Hypertension | Any grade | 1 (2.0) |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 0 | |
| Portal thrombosis | Any grade | 0 |
| ≥ Grade 3 | 2 (4.0) |
Although there were no treatment-related deaths, some serious adverse events (≥ grade 3) were reported. There were two thromboembolic events that affected portal hypertension and liver function. Portal embolic events required admission for treatment of thromboembolism.
Risk factors for the occurrence of complications
According to any grade AE, no significant differences were found between patients with and without adverse events with respect to clinical characteristics. According to ≥ grade 3 AE, 2 patients with portal vein thrombosis were diagnosed as having Child-Pugh class B and had a history of previous variceal bleeding with subsequent endoscopic treatment.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study revealed that the response to lusutrombopag was related to splenic volume in chronic liver disease. Lusutrombopag, an oral, small molecule TPO-RA, binds to the TPO receptor and acts on the transmembrane domain of human TPO receptors expressed in megakaryocytes to increase platelet production[6]. One of the reasons for thrombocytopenia is decreased levels or activity of the platelet growth factor thrombopoietin, which can lead to insufficient activation of the TPO receptor in severe chronic liver disease[2]. Therefore, TPO-RAs are particularly useful in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis.
On the other hand, in patients with splenomegaly, the main causes of thrombocytopenia are increased splenic sequestration and destruction of platelets, whereas reduced platelet count seems to be greatly related to increased splenic size[10-14]. The present study revealed that increased splenic volume is related to negative changes in platelet count. In particular, splenic volume > 855 mL was associated with an insufficient increase in platelet count after the administration of appropriate doses of lusutrombopag for 7 d. We hypothesized that severe splenomegaly could reduce the efficacy seen in platelet counts due to increased splenic sequestration and destruction in spite of the TPO-RA causing sufficient platelet production. Based on the results of this phase 2b study, a dose-related increase in the maximum platelet count and duration of the maintenance of the increase in platelet count was reported[15].
When the dose of this treatment drug can be increased in case of severe splenomegaly, a treatment response may be achieved.
We recommend combination therapy with partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) and TPO-RA to increase platelet production in patients with a splenic volume > 855 mL, who remain at risk of bleeding following invasive surgery. PSE is a useful method used for patients with splenomegaly and with accompanying portal hypertension. However, a large infarcted splenic volume is a risk factor for complications, including intra-abdominal abscess, portal vein thrombosis, septic shock, and post-embolization syndrome[16,17]. Previous studies reported infarcted splenic volumes between 388 and 540 g[18-20], and the therapeutic effect of PSE on severe splenomegaly is sometimes insufficient. Although it is enough for patients with mild splenomegaly to undergo PSE alone, thrombocytopenic patients with severe splenomegaly should be administered with lusutrombopag after an appropriate infarcted splenic volume is achieved.
We should consider that splenic volume is influenced by sex, height, and weight. In this cohort, 90% of the non-responders were composed of men, and body weight was significantly higher in the non-responder group compared to the responder group (P = 0.044). Previous reports have shown that splenic length and volume have independent correlations with sex, height, and weight[19]. Therefore, the influential parameters for splenic volume need to be considered in patient cohorts. Furthermore, patients enrolled in this study had a relatively large spleen size. If they had presented with mild or moderate spleen size, the results would likely have been different.
TPO-RAs are generally well tolerated, with common adverse events including AST increase, gastrointestinal disorders, and hypertension[21]. However, thromboembolic events have been reported in patients treated with TPO-RAs, the majority of whom had pre-existing cardiovascular or thromboembolic risk factors[21,22]. In particular, the administration of TPO-RAs in patients with advanced cirrhosis requires close monitoring. Severe chronic liver disease is considered as a hypercoagulable state, with increased bleeding tendency due to severe homeostatic disruption[23]. The phase-3 randomized controlled trials ENABLE-1 and ENABLE-2 studied the efficacy of TPO-RAs in patients with chronic hepatitis C and thrombocytopenia and revealed that thromboembolic complications were more frequently observed in the group treated with TPO-RAs compared to the control group[24,25]. In the present study, thromboembolic events were reported in two (4.0%) patients during the observation period, requiring hospital admission. Two patients with portal vein thrombosis were diagnosed as having Child-Pugh class B and had a history of previous variceal bleeding with subsequent endoscopic treatment. This suggests that patients should be carefully monitored during treatment so that potentially life-threatening thromboembolic events can be prevented or treated.
TPO-RAs can increase platelet count and decrease bleeding events. Our final objective was to minimize the administration of transfusion for reducing the incidence of bleeding events in thrombocytopenic patients. However, strategies to reduce or avoid platelet transfusions were not achieved by the present study where only the relationship between the response to lusutrombopag and splenic volume was showed. For increasing platelet counts, we can select the optimal therapy from blood transfusion, PSE, splenectomy, and TPO-RA. The most suitable method for patients is selected by careful discussion and consideration of the benefits and disadvantages of each method. Comparative clinical trial data are needed in making correct treatment choices while maximizing efficacy and safety.
This study had some limitations. First, the study employed a retrospective design. Second, there are multiple factors which can cause thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. These factors include anti-platelet antibodies, levels or activity of thrombopoietin, and bone marrow suppression of thrombopoiesis due to myelodysplastic syndromes and/or direct myelosuppressive effects of HCV infection. In this study, the evaluation of influences of these factors was lacking. Therefore, further studies are warranted. Third, the number of patients was relatively small comparing the responder and non-responder groups. This could have led to a selection bias.
This study demonstrated that splenic volume influences the response to lusutrombopag in chronic liver disease. Larger spleen size appears to reduce the effect of lusutrombopag in terms of platelet count. This is the first report to assess the factors that affect the response to lusutrombopag in patients with chronic liver disease. Splenic volume should be taken into consideration when administering lusutrombopag to ensure that patients receive optimal treatment.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Lusutrombopag is an oral, small-molecule thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist (TPO-RA) used for the treatment of thrombocytopenic patients with chronic liver diseases. TPO in the peripheral blood in advanced-stage liver disease was been reduced severely. Therefore, patients with inadequate TPO production due to chronic liver disease are the principal targets of lusutrombopag.
Research motivation
The response to lusutrombopag is unpredictable, assuming that the drug exerts more dramatic effects in thrombocytopenia associated with severe liver disease prior to invasive surgery.
Research objectives
The study aimed to assess the correlation between the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic liver disease and the efficacy of lusutrombopag treatment.
Research methods
This multicenter retrospective study was conducted at four locations in Japan. This study enrolled thrombocytopenic patients who received oral lusutrombopag. We evaluated the response to lusutrombopag compared to baseline clinical characteristics in patients with chronic liver disease.
Research results
Splenic volume and body weight were lower in the responder group than in the non-responder group. Using a logistic regression model to assess the relationship between response to lusutrombopag and clinical characteristics, multivariate analysis confirmed that splenic volume was an independent factor that predicted the response of platelet counts (P = 0.025, odds ratio: 11.2; 95%CI: 1.354-103.0). Splenic volume was negatively correlated to changes in platelet count (r = -0.524, P = 0.001).
Research conclusions
Splenic volume influences change in platelet counts after administration of lusutrombopag in patients with chronic liver disease. Larger spleen size appears to reduce the effect of lusutrombopag in terms of platelet count. Splenic volume should be taken into consideration when administering lusutrombopag to ensure that patients receive the optimal treatment. This is the first report to assess the factors that affect the response to lusutrombopag in patients with chronic liver disease. There are multiple factors which can cause thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. These factors include anti-platelet antibodies, levels or activity of thrombopoietin, and bone marrow suppression of thrombopoiesis due to myelodysplastic syndromes and/or direct myelosuppressive effects of HCV infection. In this study, the evaluation of influences of these factors was lacking. Therefore, further studies are warranted.
Research perspectives
Splenic volume should be taken into consideration when administering lusutrombopag to ensure that patients receive optimal treatment. It is not clear whether or not the combination therapy improves the long-term prognosis of these patients. Therefore, future long-term observational studies are warranted. Further studies are desired to assess multiple factors include anti-platelet antibodies, levels or activity of thrombopoietin, and bone marrow suppression of thrombopoiesis due to myelodysplastic syndromes and/or direct myelosuppressive effects of HCV infection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Ayumu Sugitani at the Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan for assistance with the statistical analyses, and Robert E. Brandt, Founder, CEO, and CME, of MedEd Japan, for editing and formatting the manuscript.
Footnotes
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country of origin: Japan
Peer-review report classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): 0
Grade C (Good): C, C
Grade D (Fair): D
Grade E (Poor): 0
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Tokushukai Group Ethical Committee’s institutional review board.
Informed consent statement: This study is a retrospective observational study. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study by the opt-out method of our hospital website.
Conflict-of-interest statement: We declare no conflicts of interest.
Data sharing statement: The technical appendix, statistical code, and dataset are available from the corresponding author (email: kiruha@kitasato-u.ac.jp).
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Peer-review started: September 12, 2018
First decision: October 14, 2018
Article in press: November 9, 2018
P- Reviewer: Manenti A, Sterpetti AV, Zapater P S- Editor: Wang XJ L- Editor: Wang TQ E- Editor: Yin SY
Contributor Information
Haruki Uojima, Department of Gastroenterology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan. kiruha@kitasato-u.ac.jp.
Yoshitaka Arase, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
Norio Itokawa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba 270-1694, Japan.
Masanori Atsukawa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
Takashi Satoh, Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; Division of Molecular Hematology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
Koji Miyazaki, Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
Hisashi Hidaka, Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
Ji Hyun Sung, Department of Gastroenterology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Japan.
Makoto Kako, Department of Gastroenterology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Japan.
Kota Tsuruya, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
Tatehiro Kagawa, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
Katsuhiko Iwakiri, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
Ryouichi Horie, Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; Division of Molecular Hematology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
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