Effects of Newly Developed Synbiotic and Commercial Probiotic Products on The Haematological Indices, Serum Cytokines, Acute Phase Proteins Concentration, and Serum Immunoglobulins Amount in Sows and Growing Pigs – A Pilot Study

Abstract

Introduction

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of supplementation of sows’ and growing pigs’ diets with three newly developed synbiotic and two extant commercial probiotic products on selected immune parameters under field conditions.

Material and Methods

The study was performed on 30 sows and 48 piglets of the Danbred breed. Immune parameters such as concentration and proportion of white blood cells and their subpopulations, immunoglobulins amount in serum, and serum concentration of cytokines and acute phase proteins were recorded with the use of a haematology analyser and ELISA kits.

Results

No significant differences between treatment groups and controls were found with regard to the immune parameters evaluated except for serum immunoglobulin concentration, which was significantly increased by synbiotic products B and C and probiotic product D.

Conclusion

The results of the study indicate that the synbiotic products B and C and probiotic product D are worthy of further investigation as promising candidates to improve the immune status of healthy sows and their offspring.

Introduction

For several years, sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics have been used to prevent infectious diseases, improve pig performance and reduce medication costs. However, due to the association of the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in feed with the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, since the 2006 the use of antibiotics as feed additives has been banned in the European Union (20). In this scenario, the latest research indicates probiotic supplementation in pigs to be a better alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Probiotics are a way to both produce animals safely and combat economic losses in pig farming. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts (7). Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of favourable species of bacteria in the gut. When prebiotics and probiotics are used together, they are termed synbiotics and are able to improve the viability of beneficial gut microflora (9). The species currently used in probiotic preparations are bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Enterococcus, or Saccharomyces, while the most commonly used prebiotics are galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and inulin (16, 34). Many probiotic bacterial strains have been tested for their achievement of reduction of diarrhoea, improvement of pig performance and growth, gut microbial profile modulation, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal morphology (6, 13) among other beneficial effects. It has been documented that oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum improved intestinal health and reduced the number of potential entero-pathogens like Escherichia coli and Clostridia in neonatal piglets (14). Probiotic Enterococcus faecium supplementation reduced the incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea and overall pre-weaning mortality (28). Another probiotic strain, Bacillus cereus var. toyoi, reduced the occurrence of diarrhoea in piglets challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (25). Dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplementation could alleviate diarrhoea in rotavirus (RV)-challenged weaned piglets (18). Moreover, the addition of E. faecium to weaned pigs’ diet improved growth and feed conversion, and provision of a combination of E. faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus plantarum in their diet increased feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion (2, 8, 17). Furthermore, dietary supplementation of a Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis mixture improved weight gain and reduced mortality of growing-finishing pigs (3). A study conducted in sows also showed that administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii XS4 in diets towards the end of pregnancy and during lactation had positive effects on the performance of sows, increasing litter weight at birth, 20-day litter weight, the number of piglets at weaning, and weaning weight of piglets (31). Besides the aforementioned effects, dietary supplementation with probiotics influenced local intestinal immunity and whole-body systemic immunity. It was reported that some strains of Lactobacillus may recruit various cytokines, and thus they are capable of acting as immunomodulators by enhancing macrophage activity, increasing the local antibody levels, inducing interferon production, and activating killer cells (13, 22). For example, dietary L. rhamnosus supplementation increases secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations and attenuates the elevation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 in weaned piglets (33). Similarly, E. faecium increases intestinal IgA secretion both in sows and piglets (23) and could attenuate ETEC K88-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in enterocytes (29). L. fermentum reduced mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and reduced numbers of Clostridium sp. in neonatal piglets (15). In addition, a significant benefit from probiotic bacteria with or without prebiotic supplementation has also been observed in various categories of pigs, represented by improved serum immunoglobulin level (4, 31, 32).

However, studies on the effect of probiotics on the systemic immunity of pigs under field conditions are relatively limited and often contradictory. Therefore, the object of the current experiment was to evaluate under these conditions the effect of supplementation of sow and growing pig diets with three newly developed synbiotic and two off-the-shelf probiotic products on selected immune parameters (haematological indices, serum cytokines, acute phase proteins concentrations, and serum immunoglobulins amount).

Material and Methods

Management, nutrition and experimental design The trial was conducted on a privately owned Polish farm, from 2016 to 2017. The owner of the herd gave the permission for the use of the animals in this study.

A farrow-to-finish herd of 100 genetically similar Danbred sows was used. Sows and growing pigs were kept in high-investment indoor facilities. Production was an “all-in, all-out” procedure with a thorough cleaning between batches. Standard farm management included weaning at four weeks of age. The herd was seronegative to pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp). No evidence of streptococcosis, pleuropneumonia, Glässers disease, or atrophic rhinitis was recorded based on clinical, serological, and pathological examinations. The immunological study was performed on 30 sows and 48 piglets, comprising both females and castrated males. All sows were of similar body weight (256.7 ± 16.4 kg) and in parities 3 to 5. Sows and their offspring were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and K). Piglets from groups A–E (n = 8 each) were born from synbiotic/probiotic supplemented sows, while piglets from group K (n = 8) were born from control sows given no supplements. Sows from all groups were fed a basal diet (Table 1) which for experimental sows was supplemented with commercial probiotic or newly developed synbiotic products, according to the scheme presented in Table 2. Piglets were weaned at 28 days of life and assigned to one of six groups. Weaners from groups A to E received synbiotic or probiotic products with a basal diet (Table 1) from two weeks of age until slaughter (24 weeks of age) at a dose of 0.5 kg per ton of feed. The control group (K) was fed solely a basal diet. For the experimental groups, the basal diet was mixed with synbiotic or probiotic products in a mixing device ex tempore. All experimental groups and the control group were housed and managed similarly.

Table 1.

Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of the basal diet (g/kg as-fed basis unless stated otherwise)

Ingredient	Lactating sow	Prestarter	Starter	Grower	Finisher
		(2–8 weeks)	(8–12 weeks)	(12–18 weeks)	(18–24 weeks)
Oats	100	–	–	–	150
Barley	250	220	370	125	200
Triticale	110	–	–	544	361
Wheat	362	300	400	125	150
Soybean meal	90	50	–	100	110
Soybean oil	10	20	20	15	5
Soybean meal HP + fish meal	40	–	–	–	–
Post-extraction soybean meal, heat-treated	–	25	140	–	–
Soybeans, full-fat, heat-treated	–	50	–	–	–
Rapeseed meal	–	–	–	60	–
Whey permeate	–	50	–	–	–
Monocalcium phosphate	2	–	–	–	–
LonoFisha	–	50	25	–	–
Specilacb	–	40	–	–	–
Lonacid Maxc	–	5	4	1	–
LonoGraind	–	150	–	–	–
Mycofix PLUSe	–	–	1	–	–
Vitamin-mineral-amino acid premix1	36	–	–	–	–
Vitamin-mineral-amino acid premix2	–	40	–	–	–
Vitamin-mineral-amino acid premix3	–	–	40	–	–
Vitamin-mineral-amino acid premix4	–	–	–	30	25
Chemical composition
Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg)	13.1	13.8	13.8	13.6	13.5
Crude protein (%)	16.5	18.8	17.9	16.8	15.6
Lysine (%)	0.88	1.56	1.28	1.05	0.95
Methionine + Cysteine (%)	0.59	0.82	0.76	0.66	0.57
Threonine (%)	0.58	0.87	0.79	0.67	0.56
Tryptophan (%)	0.20	0.30	0.20	0.19	0.18
Valine (%)	0.76	0.75	0.79	0.75	0.71
Calcium (%)	1.03	0.91	0.86	0.68	0.67
Phosphorus (%)	0.47	0.61	0.55	0.47	0.38
Vitamin A (IU/kg)	12,500	14,000	20,500	12,000	7,700
Vitamin D3 (IU/kg)	2,000	2,000	2,000	2,000	1,540
Vitamin E (mg/kg)	80	84	100	63	100

^a– protein source;

^b– protein-lactose rich feed additive;

^c– dry mixture of phosphoric acid, formic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid;

^d– micronised wheat, barley, and maize;

^e– toxin deactivator

¹– MPU 4% L.K. T.CH., Cargill Poland;

²– MPU 4% PRESTART. T.CH., Cargill Poland;

³– MPU 4% START.T.CH., Cargill Poland;

⁴– MPU 3/2.5% GROW/FIN, Cargill Poland

Table 2.

Synbiotic and probiotic composition, dosage, and supplementation scheme (sows and offspring)

Group	Product	Composition	Dose	Period of supplementation (sows)	Period of supplementation (growing pigs)
		Lactobacillus reuteri ŁOCK 1092
		Lactobacillus plantarum ŁOCK 0860
A	A	Lactobacillus pentosus ŁOCK 1094
		Saccharomyces cerevisiae ŁOCK 0118
		Inulin
		Lactobacillus reuteri ŁOCK 1092
		Lactobacillus plantarum ŁOCK 0860
		Lactobacillus pentosus ŁOCK 1094
B	B
		Saccharomyces cerevisiae ŁOCK 0118
		Lactobacillus rhamnosus ŁOCK 1087
		Inulin
		Lactobacillus reuteri ŁOCK 1092
		Lactobacillus plantarum ŁOCK 0860	0.5 kg/ton of basal diet	10 days before farrowing until	from 2 weeks of age until slaughter
		Lactobacillus pentosus ŁOCK 1094		weaning
C	C	Saccharomyces cerevisiae ŁOCK 0118
		Lactobacillus rhamnosus ŁOCK 1087
		Lactobacillus paracasei ŁOCK 1091
		Inulin
		Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750
		Bacillus licheniformis DSM 5749
D	BioPlus2B
		calcium carbonate
		kieselguhr as anticaking agent
		Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415
E	Cylactin LBC	saccharose as carrier
		cellulose derivative as encapsulating agent
K	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

Sampling. Blood from sows was collected at seven days before parturition, at weaning, and seven days post weaning, and from piglets at 7, 28, 35, 73, 105, 135, and 165 days of age. Blood samples were collected via vena cava cranialis venipuncture to vacuum tubes containing EDTA-K3 as an anticoagulant (Medlab, Poland) and to serum separator tubes (Medlab, Poland). Immediately after collection, blood samples were sent to the laboratory in a transport container (4°C). In the laboratory serum was separated from the blood by centrifugation (3,000 g × 15 min at 4°C) and stored at −20°C until analysis.

Haematological examination Whole blood samples were analysed for different leukocyte proportions and concentrations on an Abacus Junior Vet 5 haematology analyser (Diatron, Hungary) immediately after delivery to the laboratory. The proportions of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes (GRA) were calculated as a percentage of the white blood cell (WBC) concentration.

Measurement of serum immunoglobulins concentration Total serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined with a commercial ELISA kit (ELISA Quantitation Kit, Bethyl Laboratories Inc, USA), according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The absorbance was recorded at 450 nm, using an ELISA plate reader (Multiskan RC, Labsystems, Finland), and the results obtained (in ng/mL) were multiplied by the appropriate dilution factor and expressed as mg/mL. In each experiment, serial dilutions of standard samples were tested in order to obtain a calibration curve, which was then computer adjusted (with the use of the FindGraph software programme (UniPhiz, Canada)). From this calibration curve, the values of unknown Ig concentration samples were calculated.

Cytokines and acute phase proteins systemic concentration The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were analysed with the commercial Porcine IL-6 and Porcine IL-8 cytokine ELISA kits (RayBiotech Norcross, USA), and Swine IL-4 and Swine IL-10 ELISA kit (Life Technologies, USA). All tests were conducted, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The quantity of cytokines was calculated based on a standard curve for each cytokine with the use of FindGraph software. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), and pig major acute-phase protein (Pig-MAP) were determined by commercial ELISA kits, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The selected kits were the Pig C-Reactive Protein ELISA and Pig Haptoglobin ELISA (Life Diagnostics, Inc., USA) and the PigMAP ELISA (Acuvet Biotech S.L., Spain).

Statistical analysis Data from all groups were subjected to the Shapiro–Wilk W test of normality and Levene’s test of equal variances. In the case of a lack of normality or different variances, a nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc multiple comparisons for comparison of all pairs was used. In the case of normal distribution and equal variances, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post-test was used. These tests were used for analysis of differences between groups, and all implicated calculations were performed with the Statistica 8.0 (Statsoft, Poland) computer programme.

Results

Haematological examination The number of WBC, LYM, and GRA remained stable throughout the study in sows and their piglets from all experimental groups (P > 0.05). Detailed results for the concentrations of WBC, LYM, and GRA, and proportion of LYM and GRA are shown in Figs 1 and 2. The values of all indices were within the reference ranges.

Fig. 1.

The mean (±SD) concentration of WBC, LYM, and GRA, and proportion of LYM and GRA in blood of sows in different experimental groups

Fig. 2.

The mean (±SD) concentration of WBC, LYM, and GRA, and proportion of LYM and GRA in blood of growing pigs in different experimental groups

Measurement of serum immunoglobulin concentration The effects of the tested synbiotic and probiotic products on serum IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations of sows and growing pigs are presented in Figs. 3 and 4. In sows supplemented with synbiotic product C, significantly higher serum concentrations of IgM and IgA were observed in the 2^nd and 3^rd samplings, and IgG in the 3^rd sampling only (P < 0.05). Also synbiotic product B and probiotic product D significantly affected immunoglobulin concentration for IgM in the 2^nd and 3^rd samplings, and IgA in the 3^rd sampling, respectively (P < 0.05). In growing pigs, dietary supplementation with product C significantly increased serum IgG concentration over that of the control group on day 165 and IgM concentration on days 135 and 165 of the study. In addition, in growing pigs treated with probiotic product D, a statistically significant increase in IgM concentration was observed on day 165 as compared to the control (P < 0.05).

Fig. 3.

The mean (±SD) serum IgG, IgM and IgA concentration of sows in different experimental groups; * – statistical difference compared to control group

Fig. 4.

The mean (±SD) serum IgG, IgM, and IgA concentration of growing pigs in different experimental groups; * – statistical difference compared to control group

Measurement of cytokine and acute phase protein concentration in serum The serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were not significantly different from the control group in the synbiotics and probiotics supplemented groups in both sows and growing pigs at any collection period (P > 0.05) (Figs 5 and 6). Concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were under the limit of detection (data not shown). Similarly, serum concentrations of CRP, Hp, and Pig-MAP were not significantly affected by the synbiotics and probiotics treatment, either in sows or in the growing pigs (Figs 7 and 8).

Fig. 5.

The mean (±SD) interleukin (IL-6 and IL-8) concentration in serum of sows in different experimental groups

Fig. 6.

The mean (±SD) IL-6 and IL-8 concentration in serum of growing pigs in different experimental groups

Fig. 7.

The mean (±SD) acute phase proteins (CRP, Hp, and Pig-MAP) concentration in serum of sows in different experimental groups

Fig. 8.

The mean (±SD) acute phase proteins (CRP, Hp, and Pig-MAP) concentration in serum of growing pigs in different experimental groups

Discussion

The results of the present study show that the addition of newly developed synbiotic and extant commercial probiotic products to the diets of healthy sows and their piglets did not affect the WBC count, LYM or GRA concentrations and their proportions. Similar trends were reported by Shim (26) who found that haematological traits were unaffected by multi-strain probiotic (combination of Bifidobacterium longum, L. acidophilus, B. subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae), prebiotic (FOS), and synbiotic (multi-strain probiotic + FOS) treatment in weaned pigs. The results of another study also did not record statistical difference between the WBC count of pigs fed diets supplemented with a two-strain probiotic containing B. subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, a prebiotic containing an extract of yeast cell wall (S. cerevisiae), or synbiotics (a mixture of both feed additives) and the WBC of pigs in a control group (27). Dietary supplementation with probiotic (multi-strain probiotic containing seven bacterial strains and two yeast strains), prebiotic (polysaccharides of S. cerevisiae cell wall), or combination of these as additives to milk did not affect significantly WBC, neutrophil, or monocyte counts in newborn female calves (21). In contrast, stimulation of the immune system by supplementation with a mixture of B. subtilis, E. faecium, and S. cerevisiae was observed in WBC increases in layer chicks and broilers, respectively (11, 19).

In terms of serum cytokine concentration, the present study showed that administration of neither synbiotic nor probiotic products affected concentration of these proteins in serum. Similarly, in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs serum cytokine concentration was not affected by dietary probiotic supplementation combining the two strains of L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri (1). However, in this study, significantly higher concentrations of interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and IL-10 were observed in pigs supplemented with probiotic bacteria and infected with human rotavirus (HRV) and pigs not supplemented and infected with HRV compared to uninfected, supplemented, and control pigs. These findings indicate that the intestinal immune system is immunotolerant to probiotic bacteria supplementation alone. An immunomodulatory effect of probiotic bacterial strain LGG on systemic proinflammatory cytokine response was observed in weaned pigs challenged with E. coli. Administration of LGG before E. coli infection attenuated the elevation of serum IL-6 induced by E. coli (33). Interesting results were observed by Wang et al. (30) who evaluated the systemic immune response represented by interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ of weaned pigs to the administration of L. fermentum I5007 with or without an E. coli challenge. The results showed that L. fermentum I5007 supplementation or E. coli challenge had no effect on these cytokines in the serum. Surprisingly, Laskowska et al (12) observed a statistically significant increase in serum proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-4 and IL-10, and the immunoregulatory cytokine transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) in sows supplemented during pregnancy with the EM Bokashi multi-microbial probiotic without any pathogen challenge. In addition, in the aforementioned study, changes in cytokine profile were observed in colostrum, milk, and in the culture of stimulated colostrum polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Another study conducted on weaned pigs also documented that inclusion of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus brevis without any pathogen challenge increased serum IFN-γ concentration (15).

Regarding the acute-phase protein values in serum, in the present study, the proteins were not significantly affected by either synbiotic or probiotic products, which might be attributed to the proinflammatory cytokine homeostasis. The same trend was observed by Wang et al. (31) in lactating sows supplemented with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus johnsonii XS4, and by Guerra-Ordaz et al. (10) in weaning piglets treated with a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and lactulose. It might indicate that dietary supplementation with synbiotics and/or probiotics helps animals to maintain good condition and health on the farm.

In this study, the newly developed synbiotic products B and C and commercial probiotic product D enhanced immune activity with a significant increase in serum immunoglobulin concentration in sows and growing pigs, while synbiotic product A and probiotic product E did not affect the systemic humoral immune response. A beneficial effect of probiotic treatment was observed by Wang et al. (31) who demonstrated that supplementation of the sow diet with L. johnsonii XS4 during late gestation and lactation led to a significant increase in serum IgG levels. In another study, supplementation with the multi-microbial probiotic EM Bokashi in sows also increased IgG and IgA levels in serum, colostrum, and milk (12). Also in growing pigs, dietary supplementation with L. plantarum, B. subtilis, or a mixture of L. plantarum and B. subtilis enhanced humoral immune response with increased serum concentration of IgM and IgA (5). However, for Dong and coworkers, serum IgG amount was not affected by dietary treatments (5). Also inclusion of E. facecium or B. cereus var. toyoi in sow diets did not significantly affect IgG concentration in serum (23, 24). Similarly, in calves, supplementation with multi-strain probiotic mixed with prebiotic and by itself did not affect IgG level in serum (21).

The immune parameter discrepancies observed between the present study and other findings may be related to differences in the probiotic strain(s) used, experimental setting, basal diet formulation, age of animals, initial gut microflora composition, amount of synbiotic/probiotic used, time and frequency of synbiotic/probiotic administration, and time of sampling. Whether a probiotic was used alone or in combination with a prebiotic is also a possible root of discordant findings.

In conclusion, the results of our study documented that supplementation of sow and growing pig diets either with newly developed synbiotic products B and C, or probiotic product D enhanced immune activity by significantly increasing serum immunoglobulins concentration. This finding suggests that these feed additives are worthy of further investigation as good candidates to improve the immune status of pigs in various life stages.