Patients’ primary activities prior to critical illness: how well do clinicians know them and how likely are patients to return to them?

Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) can make patients feel anonymous and depersonalized [1]. Knowledge of a patient’s primary activity can mitigate the risk of depersonalization by providing insight into a patient’s values, preferences, and overall function. A patient’s primary activity is defined by how they report spending their free time. This information can be used to engage in shared decision-making, ensuring patients receive care that is goal-concordant based on the feasibility of recovering from their critical illness [2]. Therefore, we conducted a prospective observational study to determine if ICU physicians and nurses could identify their patients’ primary activities. Other objectives included determining if patients were able to return to these activities and the probability of patients surviving based on their primary activity.

From October 2013 to May 2014 [3], enrolled patients (or their surrogates) were asked to identify their primary activity prior to hospitalization (Table 1). Attending physicians and nurses on admission days 3–6 were asked to identify this activity. Patients were followed to 6 months after enrollment to assess if they had survived and returned to their activities.

Table 1.

Activity category and frequency, description, ability to return to activity, and survival

Activity category	Description and examples	Full return to activity (%)a	Did not fully return to activity (%)b	Deceased (%)c	Unknown (%)d	Total
Employment	Work, vocation, or employment status	33 (38)	26 (30)	28 (32)	1 (1)e	88
Student	Involves school or academics	2 (67)	1 (33)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3
Physical activity	Physical exercise or strain (i.e., weight lifting, walking)	13 (45)	4 (14)	12 (41)	0 (0)	29
Household	Chores requiring some amount of activity (i.e., cleaning house, shopping)	17 (32)	10 (19)	24 (45)	2 (4)	53
Active	Involves activity but not as main focus (i.e., traveling, fishing)	4 (44)	1 (11)	4 (44)	0 (0)e	9
Social	Engaging with other people (i.e., family time, visiting friends, therapy)	14 (45)	2 (6)	13 (42)	2 (6)	31
Active sedentary	No physical strain but requires active engagement (i.e., arts and crafts, reading)	7 (28)	1 (4)	15 (60)	2 (8)	25
Passive sedentary	No physical strain and no active engagement (i.e., watching TV)	20 (50)	0 (0)	17 (43)	3 (8)	40
Not reported	No activity listed	NA	NA	17 (68)	8 (32)	25
Total	NA	110 (36)	45 (15)	130 (43)	18 (6)	303

^aFrequency and percentage of patients within each activity category that were alive and fully returned to their primary activity 6 months post-enrollment in the study. All percentages calculated by dividing the frequency by the activity type’s total

^bFrequency and percentage of patients within each activity category that were alive but did not fully return to their primary activity 6 months post-enrollment in the study

^cFrequency and percentage of patients within each activity category that were deceased 6 months post-enrollment in the study

^dFrequency and percentage of patients within each activity category with unknown vital and/or return to pastime status 6 months post-enrollment in the study

^ePercentages do not add to 100% due to decimal place rounding

We found that clinicians had low rates of reporting knowledge of their patients’ primary activities at 13% (38/303) and 12% (35/300) for nurses and physicians, respectively. Patients’ primary activities were reported correctly for 7% (20/303) and 5% (15/300) of patients by nurses and physicians, respectively (Table 1). Among patient reported activities, the most frequent were employment (29%, 88/303) and household work (17%, 53/303). Among survivors 64% (110/173) could perform their primary activity at 6 months, 26% (45/173) could not. For 10% (18/173) of survivors we were unable to confirm if they returned to their primary activity (Table 2).

Table 2.

Physician and nurse accuracy in predicting patient primary activities

	Physicians (n = 300; %)a	Nurses (n = 303; %)a
Correctb	15 (5)	20 (7)
Incorrectc	18 (6)	13 (4)
No patient responsed	2 (1)	5 (2)
No clinician responsee	265 (88)	265 (87)

^aTotal number of responses and percentage relative to total patient count

^bInstances where clinician and patient primary activity responses agreed

^cClinician and patient primary activity responses disagreed

^dPatient provided no activity response but the clinician did

^eClinician failed to provide an activity response

We believe that knowing how patients spend their time prior to their illness can help in shared decision-making and ensure the delivery of goal-concordant care [4]. In our study, ICU clinicians rarely reported knowing their patient’s primary activity and were correct in only half of those responses, suggesting that ICU clinicians lack an understanding of their patients’ lives prior to critical illness. This is consistent with previous work that assessed physicians’ knowledge of patients’ broader values [5]. The systematic collection of information related to patients’ values may mitigate the risk of depersonalization. Further work is needed to understand the potential impact of whether knowledge of patient activities leads to improved health outcomes and the delivery of goal-concordant care.

Abbreviations

ICU Intensive care unit

Authors’ contributions

ATG, MCS, AMD, and MED came up with study design, implementation, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The University of Pennsylvania institutional review board approved this study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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