. 2018 Nov 28;11(1):e226611. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226611

Table 1.

Literature review of bilateral CAD secondary to ESPs

Author (year)	Age, sex	Laterality of ESP	Triggering event	Diagnosis	Initial treatment	Additional treatment
Farhat et al ⁶ 2009	70 M	Left	Mechanical fall	TIA and right ICAD	Styloidectomy	None
Faivre et al ⁷ 2009	60 M	Bilateral	Shake dancing	Right MCA infarct and bilateral ICAD	Antithrombotic therapy and styloidectomy	None
Razak et al ²⁸ 2014	41 M	Right	Forced sustained head turning	Right MCA territory infarct and Right ICAD	Intravenous thrombolysis and styloidectomy	None
Todo et al ⁸ 2012	57 M	Bilateral	Vigorous cervical massage	TIA and bilateral ICAD	Intravenous anticoagulation therapy	Following further TIA, Thrombectomy and CAS
Ohara et al ²¹ 2012	43 M	Bilateral	Spontaneous	Right ICAD	Intravenous anticoagulation and oral antiplatelet	Declined surgical treatment
Sveinsson et al ¹⁶ 2013	38 M	Left	Spontaneous	Left parietal and occipital lobe infarcts and left CAD	Intravenous thrombolysis, thrombectomy, dual anti platelets and CAS	After recurrent lacunar infarct, styloidectomy
Sveinsson et al ¹⁶ 2013	41 F	Right	Intensive physical exercise	Right small pseudo aneurysm and ICAD	Intravenous anticoagulation then oral anticoagulation	None after discussion with otolaryngologist
Yamamoto et al ²³ 2013	51 M	Right	Repeated neck rotation	Right ICAD	Single antiplatelet	None
Ogura et al ⁹ 2015	55 M	Bilateral	Spontaneous	Left temporal lobe infarct and bilateral ICAD	Intravenous anticoagulation with heparin	After ICA occlusion, styloidectomy and CAS
Ogura et al ⁹ 2015	55 M	Right	Cervical massage	Right cerebral infarct and Right ICAD	Endovascular thrombectomy and CAS, intravenous anticoagulation with heparin	None
Ogura et al ⁹ 2015	80 M	Left	Spontaneous	Left ICA dissecting aneurysm	Styloidectomy	None
Aydin et al ²⁵ 2015	57 F	Right	Spontaneous	Right MCA infarct and right ICAD	Oral anticoagulation	None
Dewan et al ³ 2016	49 M	Bilateral	Spontaneous	Left parietal and occipital lobe infarcts and bilateral ICAD	Dual antiplatelets and CAS	None
Hebant et al ²² 2017	57 M	Bilateral	Spontaneous	Left MCA territory infarct and left ICAD	Single antiplatelet	None
Subedi et al ²⁶ 2017	47 F	Right	Prolonged head positioning using cellphone	Right MCA territory infarct and Right ICAD	Anticoagulation and CAS	None
Smoot et al ²⁴ 2017	60 M	Bilateral	Boxing career	infarcts in the right parietal cortex and Right ICAD	Intravenous anticoagulation with heparin	CAS after new parietal lobe infarct episode
Jelodar et al ¹⁰ 2018	40 M	Bilateral	Spontaneous	Multiple ischaemic strokes	Antiplatelet medication and bilateral styloidectomy	None

CAD, carotid artery dissection; CAS, carotid artery stenting; ESP, elongated styloid process; ICAD, internal carotid artery dissection; MCA, middle cerebral artery; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.