Table 2.
Difference in Vessel Width and Tortuosity Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Outcomes for Individual Factors in Multivariate Regression Models Adjusted for Age and Gender
| Risk Marker | Arteriolar Width (μm) |
Venular Width (μm) |
Arteriolar Tortuosity (%) |
Venular Tortuosity (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | Difference (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | Difference (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | Difference (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | |
| Per decade in age | –0.79 (–1.00 to –0.58) | <0.001 | 2.56 (2.20–2.91) | <0.001 | 5.44 (3.80–7.11) | <0.001 | –0.23 (–1.15 to 0.69) | 0.619 |
| Female vs. male | –0.51 (–0.83 to –0.19) | 0.002 | –0.32 (–0.86 to 0.22) | 0.245 | 3.83 (1.37–6.35) | 0.002 | 2.16 (0.74–3.60) | 0.003 |
| Current vs. never smoked | 2.13 (1.34–2.91) | <0.001 | 3.03 (1.71–4.34) | <0.001 | –2.70 (–8.22 to 3.16) | 0.360 | 1.66 (–1.75 to 5.18) | 0.345 |
| Former vs. never smoked | 0.11 (–0.23 to 0.44) | 0.522 | 0.31 (–0.25 to 0.87) | 0.275 | –0.21 (–2.67 to 2.31) | 0.870 | 0.88 (–0.58 to 2.36) | 0.240 |
| Per 5 kg/m2 in BMI | 0.15 (–0.03 to 0.34) | 0.098 | 0.72 (0.41–1.03) | <0.001 | –0.24 (–1.59 to 1.13) | 0.729 | 2.52 (1.71–3.34) | <0.001 |
| Per 10 mmHg in SBP | –0.50 (–0.60 to –0.41) | <0.001 | –0.06 (–0.23 to 0.10) | 0.458 | 1.20 (0.47–1.94) | 0.001 | 0.45 (0.02–0.88) | 0.039 |
| Per 10 mmHg in DBP | –1.04 (–1.22 to –0.87) | <0.001 | –0.32 (–0.61 to –0.02) | 0.035 | 0.75 (–0.56 to 2.07) | 0.263 | –0.55 (–1.30 to 0.21) | 0.157 |
| Per 1 mmol/l in TC | –0.18 (–0.33 to –0.02) | 0.024 | –0.16 (–0.41 to 0.10) | 0.233 | 0.42 (–0.72 to 1.58) | 0.472 | –0.52 (–1.18 to 0.15) | 0.131 |
| Per 1 mmol/l in LDL | –0.09 (–0.26 to 0.08) | 0.313 | –0.24 (–0.53 to 0.05) | 0.108 | 0.60 (–0.69 to 1.90) | 0.362 | –0.39 (–1.14 to 0.36) | 0.310 |
| Per 1 mmol/l in HDL | –1.18 (–1.62 to –0.74) | <0.001 | –1.42 (–2.16 to –0.69) | <0.001 | –0.61 (–3.82 to 2.70) | 0.714 | –1.83 (–3.70 to 0.07) | 0.059 |
| Per 1 mmol/l in triglycerides | 0.06 (–0.12 to 0.23) | 0.524 | 0.57 (0.27–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.29 (–1.01 to 1.62) | 0.661 | –0.18 (–0.94 to 0.59) | 0.647 |
| Per 1% in HbA1c per | 0.22 (–0.08 to 0.51) | 0.148 | 0.41 (–0.07 to 0.90) | 0.097 | 0.95 (–1.21 to 3.15) | 0.393 | 2.24 (0.96–3.53) | 0.001 |
| Prevalent MI vs. absent | 0.66 (–0.27 to 1.58) | 0.165 | 1.20 (–0.35 to 2.75) | 0.129 | 4.36 (–2.57 to 11.77) | 0.224 | 1.87 (–2.14 to 6.05) | 0.366 |
| Prevalent stroke vs. absent | 0.79 (–0.37 to 1.95) | 0.181 | 0.59 (–1.35 to 2.53) | 0.553 | 8.30 (–0.59 to 17.99) | 0.068 | 3.66 (–1.42 to 9.01) | 0.161 |
| Prevalent DM vs. absent | –0.08 (–0.90 to 0.75) | 0.857 | 0.48 (–0.90 to 1.86) | 0.494 | 1.64 (–4.38 to 8.03) | 0.602 | 6.53 (2.78–10.41) | 0.001 |
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MI = myocardial infarction; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol.
Total number of patients included: 5942. Regression coefficients are from a multilevel model allowing for repeated images from the same person (random effect for person) and adjusting for age and gender as fixed effects. Prevalent MI, stroke, and DM: n = 187, n = 118, and n = 238, respectively. For participants included in the analyses, the extent of missing data is as follows: TC missing data for 429 participants, LDL cholesterol missing data for 511 participants, HDL cholesterol missing data for 428 participants, triglycerides missing data for 429 participants, and HbA1c missing data for 498 participants.