Abstract
Expression of microRNA-21 in bone tissue and serum of patients with osteoporosis (OP) and its involvement in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were investigated. Bone tissue and serum were collected from 48 patients with OP and 48 normal subjects. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of six microRNAs. Among these microRNAs, the expression level of microRNA-21 in bone tissue and serum of OP patients was the lowest. In addition, BMSCs of SD rats were isolated and cultured. Subculture was performed 3 times, transfection of microRNA-21 was performed and osteogenic differentiation was induced. Control group [negative control (NC)] was transfected with microRNA-21 mimics followed by osteogenic induction. Experimental groups were transfected with microRNA-21 analogue (mimics) and microRNA-21 inhibitor (inhibitor) followed by osteogenic induction. Ten days after osteogenic induction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were performed to measure the mineralized stained area and the number of mineralized nodules in each treatment group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of osteogenic genes in each group of cells. RT-qPCR results showed that microRNA-21 expression was lower in bone tissue and serum of patients with OP than that of normal subjects. Moreover, compared with control group, BMSCs showed increased stained mineralized areas, deeper color and increased number of mineralized nodules. In addition, increased mRNA expression of osteogenic genes was evident after microRNA-21 mimics transfection and osteogenic induction (p<0.05). Compared with control group, BMSCs showed decreased stained mineralized areas, lighter color, decreased number of mineralized nodules, and decreased mRNA expression of osteogenic genes after microRNA-21 inhibitor transfection and osteogenic induction (p<0.05). MicroRNA-21 is expressed at low level in bone tissue and serum in patients with OP, and microRNA-21 can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Our study provided theoretical basis for drug treatment of OP.
Keywords: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, microRNA-21, osteogenic differentiation, osteoporosis
Introduction
With the growth of aging population in China, osteoporosis (OP) has become one of the most common chronic diseases (1). OP is a metabolic orthopedic disease characterized by decreased bone mass, reduced bone density, and degraded bone structure. OP is mostly present in elderly and postmenopausal women, and the incidence is higher in females than in males (2,3). In patients with OP, the balance of bone metabolism in the body is broken and bone absorption is much greater than bone formation. Patient experience bone pain, kyphosis, shortened body, decreased respiratory function, and fractures, which seriously harm the whole body (4). At present, calcium, physical activity and bone resorption inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of OP, but these measures can only alleviate the patient's symptoms, and cannot prevent the occurrence of the disease (5,6). Studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), as the main source of osteoblasts in humans, have multi-directional differentiation potential and can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes under certain conditions. Therefore, BMSCs play a very important role in the treatment of OP (7,8).
MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that are widely conserved across species. MicroRNAs degrade mRNA and inhibit translation by specifically binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of messenger RNA of the target gene (9,10). MicroRNAs are involved in the transcriptional regulation of many cells or other basic physiological activities such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (11). MicroRNA-21 is differentially expressed in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, renal and digestive system diseases, and thus participates in their pathophysiological process (12). However, whether microRNA-21 is differentially expressed in patients with OP and whether it can regulate the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts, thereby affecting the balance of bone metabolism, is still unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the expression of microRNA-21 in OP patients and its influence on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
Materials and methods
Materials
Fetal bovine serum and carbon dioxide incubator was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA), and inverted optical microscope from Olympus Corp. (Tokyo, Japan). SD rats were purchased from the Animal Experimental Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China), and microRNA-21 mimics, inhibitors and negative controls (NCs) from Invitrogen (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific). DMEM/F12 culture medium was provided by Wisent Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Trypsin digestion solution was obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Haimen, China). Complete culture medium (F12 medium + 10% fetal bovine serum + 1% cyanine-streptomycin), osteogenic medium (F12 medium + 10% fetal bovine serum + 10 mM β-sodium glycerophosphate + 0.05 mM vitamin C + 10 mM dexamethasone + 1% cyanine-streptomycin), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining solution (10 ml distilled water + 5 ml 3% β-sodium glycerophosphate + 5 ml 2% pentobarbital + 10 ml 2% calcium chloride + 1 ml 2% magnesium sulfate, pH 9.4) were prepared by the authors of this study. Alizarin red staining medium (Cyagen Biosciences, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), TRIzol (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, St. Louis, MO, USA), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) primers (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), reverse transcription kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (both from Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA), cyan-streptomyces (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), RT-qPCR instrument and SYBR-Green (both from Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), pipette (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and RNase-free tips (Qiagen Sciences, Inc., Germantown, MD, USA) were used in our experiments. All other experimental reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA).
Collection of clinical samples and microRNA detection
During the period from June 2016 to December 2017, bone tissue was collected from patients with OP and normal subjects at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University (Qiqihar, China). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University. Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Patients with diabetes mellitus, hyperprolactinemia, ovariectomy, liver cancer, and malabsorption syndrome affect bone metabolic disease were excluded
Bone tissues of 48 OP patients were set as experimental group, and bone tissues of 48 normal subjects were set as control group. The expression of microRNA-17, microRNA-20a, microRNA-21, microRNA-26a, microRNA-29b, and microRNA-106b was detected. Briefly, bone tissues were ground in liquid nitrogen, followed by addition of TRIzol to extract total RNA. Reverse transcription was performed to synthesize DNA according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA samples were stored at −20°C before use. qPCR reaction system included 10 µl SYBR-Green, 7 µl ddH2O, 1 µl upstream primers, 1 µl downstream primers, and 1 µl cDNA. qPCR reaction conditions were: 95°C for 30 sec, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec. The experiment was performed in triplicate, and the expression of each microRNA was normalized to U6 endogenous control using 2−ΔΔCq method (Table I) (13).
Table I.
qPCR primer sequences for microRNA detection.
| Gene | Forward | Reverse |
|---|---|---|
| microRNA-21 | CGCCGTAGCTTATCAGACTG | CAGCCACAAAAGAGCACAAT |
| U6 | GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT | CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT |
Primary culture and subculture of rat BMSCs
A total of 24 4-week-old SD female rats (70–90 g) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions (22°C, 12-h light/12-h dark cycles, and 50–55% humidity) and were used to isolate tibias and femurs under aseptic conditions. Bone tissues were cleaned and sterilized with 75% alcohol, and the epiphyses were cut off. A syringe (1 ml) was used to inject complete culture fluid into the cavity to flush bone marrow, and this procedure was performed 3 times until the bone became transparent. The flushed bone marrow was mixed with 4 ml of culture medium, inoculated into a 25-cm2 perforated cell culture flask and cultured in an incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). Medium was replaced every 48 h. When cell confluence reached 80%, digestion with trypsin and subculture were performed. Subculture was performed 3 times before subsequent experiments.
Cell transfection
Cell transfection was performed when confluence of rat BMSCs reached 50–60%. Cells were starved for 2 h in serum-free Opti media. Lipofectamine 2000 was used to transfect 50 nM microRNA-21 mimics/NC or 100 nM microRNA-21 inhibitor/NC into cells. Cells were observed 6 h after transfection and the medium was replaced.
Osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs
Subculture was performed 3 times and BMSCs were collected. Osteogenic induction medium was added 24 h after transfection with microRNA-21 mimic, inhibitor and NC. Induction was performed for 10 days, medium was replaced with fresh osteogenic induction medium every 3 days, and each experiment was repeated 3 times.
Identification of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and comparison between groups
After transfection and osteogenic induction, cells were washed 3 times with PBS, followed by fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min. After that, incubation with ALP staining solution for 4 h and alizarin red staining solution for 30 min was performed. Cells were washed with PBS and observed under an inverted light microscope. Differentiation ability was determined according to the area and color of mineralized nodule.
Detection of the expression of osteogenesis-related genes
After transfection and osteogenic induction, RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of intracellular osteogenic genes including ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) using methods given in ‘Collection of clinical samples and microRNA detection’ (Table II).
Table II.
qPCR primer sequences for the detection of the expression of osteogenesis-related genes.
| Gene | Forward | Reverse |
|---|---|---|
| ALP | ACAACCTGACTGACCCTTCG | TCATGATGTCCGTGGTCAAT |
| OCN | GGACCATCTTTCTGCTCACTC | CTGCTTGGACATGAAGGCTT |
| BMP2 | CCTTGCTGACCACCTGAACT | AACATGGAGATTGCGCTGA |
| Runx2 | AGAAGGCACAGACAGAAGCTT-GA | AGGAATGCGCCCTAAATCACT |
| GAPDH | CATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGAC | CCAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAG |
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OCN, osteocalcin; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Statistical analysis
All data were expressed as mean ± SEM and were statistically processed using GraphPad software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). t-test was used for comparison between two groups. P<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 were considered to be statistically significant, as indicated in the figures.
Results
Detection of microRNA expression in bone tissues and serum samples
Following extraction of total RNA from bone tissue of patients and healthy controls, the expression of six microRNAs including microRNA-17, microRNA-20a, microRNA-21, microRNA-26a, microRNA-29b, and microRNA-106b was detected. It has been reported that these six microRNAs are related to OP in mice, but no studies have shown whether they are differentially expressed in patients with OP. The results showed that compared with control group, the expression of microRNA-21 in patients with OP was significantly reduced. In addition, the serum levels of microRNA-21 were also significantly lower in patients than in controls. Therefore, microRNA-21 was selected as the object of our study (Figs. 1 and 2).
Figure 1.
MicroRNA expression levels in bone tissues of patients and controls. In patients, microRNA-21 had the lowest expression level. *P<0.05 and ***p<0.001.
Figure 2.
MicroRNA expression levels in serum of patients and controls. In patients, microRNA-21 had the lowest expression level. *P<0.05 and ***p<0.001.
Detection of microRNA-21 expression in BMSCs of osteoporotic rats
BMSCs of normal and osteoporotic rats were isolated and total RNA was extracted to detect the expression of microRNA-21. Results showed that compared with the control group, the expression level of microRNA-21 in BMSCs of osteoporotic rats was significantly reduced (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
MicroRNA-21 expression in BMSCs of osteoporotic rats. Compared with the control group, the expression level of microRNA-21 in BMSCs of osteoporotic rats was significantly reduced. ***P<0.001. BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Identification and comparison of osteogenic differentiation
BMSCs were transfected with microRNA-21 mimics, inhibitors and their corresponding NCs. ALP staining and alizarin red staining were performed 10 days after osteogenic induction to detect the area and number of nodules in the mineralized area, and calcium deposition was assessed. ALP results showed that compared with the control group, mineralized nodule staining in the microRNA-21 mimics group was significantly deepened, and the area of mineralized nodules was increased. However, the mineralized nodules in microRNA-21 inhibitor group became lighter and the area of mineralized nodules decreased. Alizarin red S (ARS) results showed that compared with control group, orange-red color was significantly deepened and calcium deposition was significantly increased in microRNA-21 mimics group. However, ARS staining in microRNA-21 inhibitor group was lighter and calcium deposition was significantly reduced. These results indicate that microRNA-21 has the ability to promote the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts (Figs. 4 and 5).
Figure 4.
ALP staining of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Figure 5.
ARS staining of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. ARS, alizarin red S; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Expression of osteogenesis-related genes
After transfection and osteogenic induction, total RNA was extracted and RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of ALP, OCN, BMP2, and Runx2 genes. Results showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes were significantly increased in the microRNA-21 mimics group. Conversely, the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes were significantly reduced in microRNA-21 inhibitor group (Fig. 6).
Figure 6.
Expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes. *P<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.
Discussion
OP is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by reduced bone mass, reduced bone density, and reduced bone microstructure (14,15). Patients with OP have reduced trabecular number, increased brittleness of bones, and markedly decreased bone strength, resulting in increased fracture risk, which brings pain and financial burden to patients and their families (16). At present, incidence of OP is increasing year by year, and it has become one of the most common diseases in the world. Therefore, studies on OP have attracted increasing attention (17).
BMSCs are a type of adult stem cells that exist in the bone marrow and have self-renewal ability and multi-directional differentiation potential. Under certain induction conditions, they can differentiate into many kinds of cells, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, cardiomyocytes and nerve cells (18). The osteogenic potential of BMSCs plays an important role in the treatment of OP, bone fractures, bone necrosis, osteoarthritis and bone defects (19,20). Therefore, to study the differentiation of BMSCs is of great significance for the treatment of OP.
An increasing number of studies have shown that microRNA can be used as a key regulator of the osteogenesis of BMSCs. For example, it has been reported that microRNA-320a can inhibit the differentiation of human BMSCs into osteoblasts (21). In another study, microRNA-196a was reported to promote osteogenic differentiation of human adipocytes and inhibited their proliferation (22). Recently, it has been reported that microRNA-21 can promote osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord stem cells (23). Based on these studies, we believe that microRNAs also play a role in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. However, no studies have reported the changes in thr expression of microRNA-21 in bone tissue and serum of OP patients and the effects on osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs.
Our results suggest that the expression of microRNA-21 in bone tissue and serum is lower in osteoporotic patients than in healthy controls. In addition, we extracted and isolated, purified BMSCs from SD rats, and transfected microRNA-21 mimics, inhibitors and their corresponding NCs into the cells, and induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by osteogenic induction for 10 days. After transfection of microRNA-21 mimics, ARS and ALP staining showed a significant increase in the number of mineralized nodules, stained calcified area, depth of color, and the expression levels of ALP, Runx2, OCN, and BMP2 genes related to osteogenic differentiation, indicating that microRNA-21 has the potential to promote the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts. After transfection with microRNA-21 inhibitor, osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs was decreased, and the ARS and ALP staining showed that the number of mineralized nodules, the area of calcified area stained, and the degree of color depth were significantly reduced. Besides that, the expression levels of ALP, Runx2, OCN, and BMP2 genes related to osteogenic differentiation also decreased, indicating that microRNA-21 inhibitor can inhibit the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts. These results indicate that microRNA-21 has the potential to promote the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts.
In summary, microRNA-21 is expressed at low level in patients with OP, and microRNA-21 can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into osteogenic cells. MicroRNA-21 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OP.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
ZZ, XL, DZ, YL, ST and ZD drafted the manuscript. ZZ was responsible for the collection of the clinical samples and microRNA detection. XL, DZ and YL were mainly responsible for the cell culture and transfection. XL, DZ, ST and ZD assisted with osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University (Qiqihar, China). Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.