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International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease logoLink to International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
. 2018 Dec 27;14:129–139. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S181916

Reduction in exacerbation of COPD in patients of advanced age using the Japanese Kampo medicine Dai-kenchu-to: a retrospective cohort study

Taisuke Jo 1,2,, Nobuaki Michihata 1, Hayato Yamana 1, Yusuke Sasabuchi 3, Hiroki Matsui 4, Hirokazu Urushiyama 2, Akihisa Mitani 2, Yasuhiro Yamauchi 2, Kiyohide Fushimi 5, Takahide Nagase 2, Hideo Yasunaga 4
PMCID: PMC6311323  PMID: 30643399

Abstract

Purpose

Patients with symptomatic COPD are recommended to use inhaled bronchodilators containing long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs). However, bronchodilators may cause gastrointestinal adverse effects due to anticholinergic reactions, especially in advanced-age patients with COPD. Dai-kenchu-to (TU-100, Da Jian Zhong Tang in Chinese) is the most frequently prescribed Japanese herbal Kampo medicine and is often prescribed to control abdominal bloating and constipation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Dai-kenchu-to as a supportive therapy in advanced-age patients with COPD.

Patients and methods

We used the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database and identified patients aged ≥75 years who were hospitalized for COPD exacerbation. We then compared the risk of re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation or death between patients with and without Dai-kenchu-to using 1-to-4 propensity score matching. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the two groups. We performed subgroup analyses for patients with and without LAMA therapy.

Results

Patients treated with Dai-kenchu-to had a significantly lower risk of re-hospitalization or death after discharge; the HR was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.67–0.99) in 1-to-4 propensity score matching. Subgroup analysis of LAMA users showed a significant difference in re-hospitalization or death, while subgroup analysis of LAMA non-users showed no significant difference.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that Dai-kenchu-to may have improved the tolerability of LAMA in advanced-age patients with COPD and, therefore, reduced the risk of re-hospitalization or death from COPD exacerbation. Dai-kenchu-to may be recommended as a useful supportive therapy for advanced-age patients with COPD.

Keywords: TU-100, herbal medicine, muscarinic receptor antagonists, propensity score, survival analysis

Introduction

COPD is a common disease worldwide. Both COPD and aging lead to progressive deterioration in physical activity and lung function. Physical inactivity impacts the prognosis and can cause symptoms that may induce a vicious circle in advanced-age patients with COPD.1 In fact, functional constipation is one such symptom associated with physical inactivity,2 and patients with COPD who develop severe exacerbation requiring hospitalization are reportedly likely to be aged ≥75 years.3

Patients with COPD are prone to acute worsening in their condition; this is known as COPD exacerbation. Because COPD is not curable, pharmacotherapy for COPD primarily aims to improve symptoms and prevent exacerbations. The use of long-acting bronchodilators such as long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) either alone or in combination is the first-line treatment for symptomatic COPD; such therapy is also effective for the prevention of COPD exacerbation.4,5 However, bronchodilators, particularly LAMAs, may potentially cause anticholinergic adverse events such as constipation in patients with COPD.6

Recent studies have focused on the contribution of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with COPD in both the stable state7 and during exacerbation.8 Dai-kenchu-to (TU-100, Da Jian Zhong Tang in Chinese), the most frequently prescribed traditional Japanese herbal Kampo medicine, activates intestinal motility.9,10 Dai-kenchu-to consists of natural food ingredients: Zingiberis processum rhizome, Ginseng radix, Zanthoxyli piperiti pericarpium (Chinese Da Jian Zhong Tang contains Zanthoxyli pericarpium instead), and Saccharum grano rum.11 Dai-kenchu-to has been widely prescribed in patients with gastrointestinal disorders such as postoperative paralytic ileus9,1215 and chronic constipation16,17 and is referred to in the chronic constipation guideline in Japan. Dai-kenchu-to is different from laxatives in that it is taken more regularly than laxatives, which are sometimes prescribed for single use or for a short term. Advanced-age patients with COPD constitutively experiencing abdominal bloating and/or chronic constipation are likely to be treated with Dai-kenchu-to. Bridging the concept of Oriental herbal medicine (ie, modulation of the respiratory system through the maintenance of digestive function) to modern medicine is desired.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dai-kenchu-to on COPD exacerbation in patients of advanced age with the intention to provide evidence regarding supportive therapy for advanced-age patients with COPD.

Patients and methods

Data source

For this retrospective cohort study, we used the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database. The DPC database with outpatient data includes discharge abstracts and administrative claims data from around 250 acute-care hospitals in Japan. The DPC database includes the following data: age, sex, body height and weight (body mass index), primary and comorbid diagnosis, Barthel index at admission and discharge, smoking history, A-DROP (Age-Dehydration-Respiratory failure-Orientation disturbance-blood Pressure) score, Hugh–Jones score, information regarding operative procedures and anesthesia, discharge status, medications and treatment in both inpatient and outpatient settings, and dates of admission and discharge. All analyses and data reporting in this study complied with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of Tokyo, which waived the requirement for informed patient consent because of the anonymous nature of the data.

Patient selection

We extracted inpatient data of patients aged ≥75 years who were hospitalized for COPD exacerbation, and then extracted the outpatient data of these patients from July 2010 to March 2016. Patients with COPD were identified with the following ICD-10 codes: J41, J42, J43, J440, J441, and J449. Hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation were identified with the following ICD-10 codes: J10, J11, J13, J14, J15, J16, J18, J20, J21, J22, J46, J170, J171, J178, J440, J441, J851, J12, A481, B012, B052, and B250. The Dai-kenchu-to group was defined as patients who received Dai-kenchu-to before or during hospitalization for COPD exacerbation. The control group comprised patients who did not receive Dai-kenchu-to throughout the observation period. Patients with no outpatient data before hospitalization, after hospitalization, or both before and after hospitalization and patients who died during the initial hospitalization for COPD exacerbation were excluded. Patients for whom Dai-kenchu-to was prescribed only after discharge from the initial hospitalization for COPD exacerbation were also excluded.

Outcomes

The outcome was re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation or death.

Statistical analyses

We used the standardized difference to compare baseline characteristics, including comorbidities and treatments, between the Dai-kenchu-to group and the control group. Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD. Dichotomous parameters and categorical variables are reported as frequency. Missing data for categorical variables are categorized as missing. The baseline characteristics were sex, fiscal year, season at admission, residential region, Hugh–Jones dyspnea score at admission, activities of daily living scores at admission and discharge (Barthel index), age, body mass index, and frequency of COPD exacerbations before hospitalization. COPD exacerbation before hospitalization was defined by episodes in which corticosteroids and/or antibiotics and/or anti-flu medicines were prescribed (Table S1). Comorbidities (Table S2) and treatments assessed were lung cancer, other malignancy, interstitial pneumonia, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, bacterial lower respiratory tract infection, Mycobacterium infection, mycosis, cor pulmonale, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, tachycardia, autoimmune disease, stroke, liver dysfunction, renal failure, gastroesophageal reflux disease, constipation and/or ileus, prostate hypertrophy, home ventilator support, home oxygen therapy, inhaled corticosteroids before hospitalization, long-acting musca-rinic receptor antagonists before hospitalization, LABA before hospitalization, other medications for COPD before hospitalization, ambulance transport, corticosteroid therapy during hospitalization, mechanical ventilation during hospi-talization, nasal tube feeding during hospitalization, surgery under general anesthesia during hospitalization, discharge to home, and length of stay. ICD-10 codes for comorbidities are shown in Table S2. An absolute standardized difference of >10% was considered to indicate significant imbalance.

We performed propensity score analysis to account for the differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The propensity scores were estimated using a multi-variable logistic regression model that included the aforementioned covariates as the dependent variables.18 We performed 1-to-4 matching between the Dai-kenchu-to group and the control group. Kaplan–Meier curves were drawn, and a log-rank test was then used to compare the survival curves of the two groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the HR of re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation or death. Patients who were neither re-hospitalized for COPD exacerbation nor died during the observation period were censored at the date of the last visit to each hospital.

All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and STATA software version 14.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). Values of P<0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Subgroup analyses

We also performed subgroup analyses of patients with and without LAMA therapy. Patients with COPD who received either a LAMA alone or a LAMA in combination with a LABA (LABA/LAMA) before hospitalization may have been more likely to have worse symptoms and lower lung function with a higher risk of frailty and subsequent reduced gastrointestinal motility; therefore, we considered that they may benefit more from Dai-kenchu-to than patients without LAMA or LABA/LAMA therapy. Kaplan–Meier curves, a log-rank test, and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to compare the two groups.

Results

We identified 12,691 patients aged ≥75 years who were hospitalized for COPD exacerbation and had outpatient data before and after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation. Among them, Dai-kenchu-to was prescribed to 518 patients before or during hospitalization for COPD exacerbation (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Flow diagram of patient selection.

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics in the Dai-kenchu-to group and the control group. The number of patients in the Dai-kenchu-to group and control group after 1-to-4 propensity score matching was 477 and 1,908, respectively. Comorbidities during the initial hospitalization and treatments for COPD before and during hospitalization are shown in Table 2. Malignancies other than lung cancer and constipation and/or ileus were more common in the Dai-ken-chu-to group than the control group. Medications for COPD, including LAMAs, were more frequently administered in the Dai-kenchu-to group. After 1-to-4 propensity score matching, the distributions of most covariates were well balanced between the two groups.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients with COPD aged ≥75 years with and without Dai-kenchu-to, before and after 1-to-4 propensity score matching

Characteristic (categorical) All patients
After 1-to-4 matching
Control (n=12,173)
Dai-kenchu-to (n=518)
s.d. Control (n=1,908)
Dai-kenchu-to (n=477)
s.d.
% % % %

Sex (male) 80.1 85.9 -0.134 86.6 85.5 0.032
Fiscal year
 2010 12.3 8.7 -0.125 7.4 8.2 0.027
 2011 16.6 9.9 -0.213 10.7 9.2 -0.051
 2012 17.8 16.4 -0.031 16.3 16.6 0.007
 2013 17.9 17.8 0.005 16.0 18.2 0.058
 2014 19.4 24.7 0.108 25.1 24.1 -0.023
 2015 16.0 22.6 0.185 24.4 23.7 -0.016
Seasons at admission
 Spring 24.4 25.7 0.034 24.7 25.8 0.035
 Summer 23.0 22.8 -0.016 24.0 22.2 -0.042
 Autumn 23.3 22.4 -0.031 24.2 22.0 -0.052
 Winter 29.3 29.2 0.010 27.5 30.0 0.054
Residential regions
Hokkaido and Tohoku 9.0 8.5 -0.009 13.1 8.8 -0.136
 Kanto 28.7 37.5 0.197 31.5 36.9 0.114
 Chubu 20.3 18.9 -0.022 20.6 19.7 -0.022
 Kansai 14.8 14.5 -0.056 14.3 12.8 -0.043
Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa 27.3 20.7 -0.142 20.6 21.8 0.029
Hugh–Jones dyspnea score at admission
 1 10.0 12.2 0.081 9.5 13.0 0.111
 2–3 31.5 26.5 -0.111 31.3 27.0 -0.095
 4–5 46.9 46.9 0.008 46.7 46.8 0.002
 Missing 11.7 14.5 0.063 12.5 13.2 0.020
ADL at admission (Barthel index)
 95–100 26.5 30.5 0.067 25.7 28.5 0.064
 55–90 21.6 18.5 -0.078 21.8 19.1 -0.066
 0–50 35.0 35.1 0.006 35.9 36.5 0.012
 Missing 16.9 15.8 -0.003 16.7 15.9 -0.020
ADL at discharge (Barthel index)
 95–100 13.8 17.8 0.078 11.7 15.7 0.118
 55–90 20.4 18.9 -0.023 19.9 19.5 -0.009
 0–50 55.7 51.5 -0.080 57.3 53.3 -0.082
 Missing 10.0 11.8 0.071 11.1 11.5 0.013

Characteristic (numerical) Mean SD Mean SD s.d. Mean SD Mean SD s.d.

Age (years) 82.0 4.8 82.2 4.9 0.025 82.1 4.8 82.1 4.8 -0.000
Body mass index (kg/m2) 20.6 3.7 20.2 3.8 -0.130 20.2 3.6 20.2 3.7 -0.019
Frequency of COPD exacerbation before admission 5.4 12.1 7.9 13.3 0.218 8.1 15.5 8.3 13.7 -0.002

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; s.d., standardized difference.

Table 2.

Comorbidities during hospitalization and treatments for COPD in patients aged ≥75 years with and without Dai-kenchu-to

Comorbidities All patients
After 1-to-4 matching
Control (n=12,173)
Dai-kenchu-to (n=518)
s.d. Control (n=1,908)
Dai-kenchu-to (n=477)
s.d.
% % % %

Lung cancer 8.2 9.7 0.055 11.0 10.1 -0.029
Other malignancy 9.1 22.2 0.370 22.5 22.9 0.009
Interstitial pneumonia 5.0 4.8 -0.001 5.2 5.0 -0.009
Bronchial asthma 25.5 25.3 -0.000 27.3 25.6 -0.038
Bronchiectasis 23.9 24.3 0.013 25.0 24.3 -0.016
Bacterial lower respiratory 85.4 88.0 0.080 89.0 88.1 -0.030
tract infection
Mycobacterium infection 2.0 1.2 -0.076 0.6 1.1 0.046
Mycotic infection 1.4 1.5 0.038 1.8 1.9 0.008
Cor pulmonale 1.0 1.5 0.047 1.6 1.5 -0.013
Congestive heart failure 21.3 24.5 0.093 25.9 25.0 -0.023
Ischemic heart disease 11.8 11.6 0.008 11.9 12.4 -0.002
Tachycardia 8.6 8.9 0.017 9.3 9.2 -0.002
Autoimmune disease 3.4 2.7 -0.030 3.3 2.9 -0.021
Stroke 2.6 1.9 -0.054 1.6 1.7 0.008
Liver dysfunction 1.7 1.4 -0.040 1.4 1.3 -0.009
Renal failure 4.7 4.4 0.003 4.8 4.8 -0.000
GERD 14.2 16.2 0.066 16.9 16.6 -0.010
Constipation or ileus 11.2 18.9 0.203 17.6 18.5 0.022
Prostate hypertrophy 8.7 11.4 0.100 12.3 11.7 -0.018
Treatments % % s.d. % % s.d.
Home ventilatory support 1.2 1.2 0.009 1.4 1.3 -0.009
Home oxygen therapy 14.9 18.7 0.100 17.3 18.7 0.035
ICS before admission 27.6 34.6 0.148 34.8 34.8 0.001
LAMA before admission 30.1 39.2 0.181 37.9 39.0 0.023
LABA before admission 39.5 50.0 0.218 48.9 50.5 0.032
Other medications for COPD 58.8 70.7 0.250 71.5 70.9 -0.014
before admission
Ambulance transport 25.1 25.1 -0.010 24.0 23.9 -0.001
Corticosteroids during 35.9 32.4 -0.075 32.7 32.5 -0.004
hospitalization
Mechanical ventilation during 4.6 5.0 -0.004 4.8 4.4 0.018
hospitalization
Nasal tube feeding during 1.8 3.3 0.095 2.6 3.1 0.031
hospitalization
Surgery under general 0.5 0.8 0.041 0.8 0.8 -0.000
anesthesia during
hospitalization
Discharge to home 91.7 92.3 0.046 94.0 93.3 -0.030

Treatment (numerical) Mean SD Mean SD s.d. Mean SD Mean SD s.d.

Length of stay 18.9 17.5 19.6 19.7 0.020 19.3 17.1 19.2 19.3 -0.003

Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist; s.d., standardized difference.

The median observation period after discharge from the first hospitalization for COPD exacerbation was 303 days (IQR, 104–594 days) in the Dai-kenchu-to group and 308 days (IQR, 100–678 days) in the control group. During the observation period, 127 (24.5%) and 3,379 (27.8%) patients were either re-hospitalized for COPD exacerbation or died in the Dai-kenchu-to group and control group, respectively.

Propensity scores were calculated using all the variables listed in Tables 1 and 2. After propensity score matching, the numbers of patients who were either re-hospitalized for COPD exacerbation or died during the observational period were 116 (24.3%) and 536 (28.2%) in the Dai-kenchu-to group and the control group, respectively.

Figure 2 and Table 3 show the results of the survival analyses after 1-to-4 propensity score matching. The log-rank test showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.050) with better survival in the Dai-kenchu-to group (Figure 2A). In the analyses using the Cox proportional hazard model, the Dai-kenchu-to group showed a significantly reduced risk of re-hospitalization or death in the 1-to-4 propensity score analysis (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67–0.99; P=0.050), as shown in Table 3.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival curves of patients with COPD with or without Dai-kenchu-to after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation in the 1-to-4 propensity score-matched population. (A) Results for patients aged ≥75 years. (B) Results for patients with LAMA therapy. (C) Results for patients without LAMA therapy before hospitalization. The Kaplan–Meier curves were compared with a log-rank test. A P-value of <0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Abbreviation: LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist.

Table 3.

HRs of re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation or death after 1-to-4 propensity score matching in the Dai-kenchu-to group vs control group

Patients Number of patients
HR 95% CI P-value
Control Dai-kenchu-to

All patients 1,908 477 0.82 0.67–0.99 0.050
Subgroup analyses
LAMA users 744 186 0.73 0.54–0.99 0.045
LAMA non-users 1,164 291 1.09 0.83–1.43 0.555

Abbreviation: LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist.

In the subgroup analysis of patients with LAMA therapy, a significant difference in re-hospitalization or death was observed between the two groups (Figure 2B). Among patients without LAMA therapy, no significant difference in re-hospitalization or death was observed between the two groups (Figure 2C).

Discussion

This study showed a reduced risk of re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation or death in the Dai-kenchu-to group vs control group among ≥75-year-old patients with COPD, using 1-to-4 propensity score matching. The subgroup analysis of patients without LAMA therapy showed no significant difference in the outcome between the Dai-kenchu-to users and non-users. Our findings indicate that Dai-kenchu-to may reduce the risk of severe COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization, particularly in advanced-age patients with COPD, possibly by improving treatment adherence in LAMA users. Our study is the first to evaluate the relationship between Dai-kenchu-to (TU-100) and COPD. We also attempted to provide a bridge between the concept of traditional Oriental herbal medicine and modern medicine.

We were not able to clearly show the mechanisms that explain our findings in the present study. Despite numerous studies demonstrating the effect and mechanism917 of Dai-kenchu-to in the gut, no studies have yet evaluated the additional benefits of Dai-kenchu-to in the organs outside the digestive system. However, there are several possible explanations for why Dai-kenchu-to was preferable in advanced-age patients with COPD, especially in LAMA users. Improved gut motility is a major effect of Dai-kenchu-to, and this can be a plausible mechanism for reducing exacerbation in advanced-age patients with COPD. In general, patients of advanced age are susceptible to abdominal bloating and/or constipation.1921 Patients aged >75 years using LAMAs are likely to have an advanced stage of COPD with a higher risk of frailty and reduced gastrointestinal motility than those not using LAMAs, which may explain their response to the treatment with Dai-kenchu-to. Moreover, such patients are vulnerable to adverse drug reactions,22 which may also be true of LAMAs. Dai-kenchu-to may show improved patient adherence to long-acting bronchodilators, particularly advanced-age patients with COPD experiencing abdominal bloating and/or constipation, resulting in a lower risk of re-hospitalization.

Furthermore, because the thoracic lumen shares the diaphragm with the abdominal lumen, the diaphragmatic response to abdominal loading inevitably affects the lung function, particularly in advanced-age patients with COPD whose costal wall is unlikely to further expand horizontally to compensate for the limitation in vertical extension of the lung.23 In fact, diaphragmatic motion during tidal breathing is reportedly greater in patients with than without COPD, suggesting a pivotal role of diaphragmatic motion in compensation for breathlessness.24 Abdominal bloating and/or constipation may interfere with diaphragmatic motion and may aggravate symptoms in advanced-age patients with COPD, resulting in reduced physical activity and thereby increasing the risk of COPD exacerbation.25 Further studies are required to assess whether the effect of Dai-kenchu-to simply relies on the improvement of gut motility.

Intestinal hyperpermeability following splanchnic hypoxia, possibly caused by blood flow redistribution, may lead to increased bacterial translocation in patients with COPD.7,8 Dai-kenchu-to in both animals26 and humans27 increases intestinal blood flow. A protective effect of Dai-kenchu-to against bacterial translocation has been shown in rats.2830 Dai-kenchu-to may have reduced the risk of COPD exacerbation in older patients in the present study by preserving intestinal blood flow and preventing bacterial translocation.

In addition, disruption of the microbiome in patients with lung disease, including COPD, has been reviewed,31 and the modulatory effect of Dai-kenchu-to on the microbiome has been studied.32,33 In one study, Dai-kenchu-to preserved the diversity of the microbiome in stressed mice. In another study, it reshaped the proportion of the microbiome with increased short-chain fatty acids in rats. The increased short-chain fatty acids reportedly suppressed inflammation in the lungs and were protective in a mouse model of elastase-induced emphysema.34 Moreover, short-chain fatty acids have been implicated in the immune response35 and non-eosinophilic hyperresponsiveness in the airway.36 The modulatory effect of Dai-kenchu-to on the microbiome in the gut may serve as a basis for further exploration of the mechanism of Dai-kenchu-to in advanced-age patients with COPD.

The capability of Dai-kenchu-to to activate transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels or transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels is also of interest.11 Activation of TRPA and TRPV channels on vagal sensory nerves in the airways initiates the cough reflex, which is considered to be a therapeutic target when excessive in disease states.37 The protective effect of cough (ie, clearing harmful particles from the airway) is also acknowledged, particularly in stable states. However, whether Dai-kenchu-to can activate TRPA or TRPV channels in the airway has not been demonstrated. Therefore, further in vivo studies are required.

Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, patients who switched hospitals during the study period and patients whose outpatient care hospital differed from the hospital for hospitalization were not captured. This may be a potential source of confounding. Second, the database does not contain data for each patient’s pulmonary function tests and symptoms. We, therefore, evaluated medications for COPD in the stable states (before hospitalization) as a surrogate for pulmonary function tests and symptoms. Third, factors such as the current smoking status and actual baseline physical activity, both of which may affect the outcomes, were not recorded in the DPC database. Fourth, in our propensity score-matching analysis, some variables such as residential regions, Hugh–Jones dyspnea, and activities of daily living at discharge were not well balanced. However, we performed a reanalysis with these three variables included as independent variables in the Cox regression model after 1-to-4 propensity score matching and obtained a similar result (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66–0.99; P=0.039).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that Dai-kenchu-to may reduce the risk of re-hospitalization for COPD exacerbation, most likely by improving the adherence to LAMAs in advanced-age patients with COPD. Prospective studies to confirm our findings and to elucidate the mechanisms of the protective effect of Dai-kenchu-to in advanced-age patients with COPD are needed.

Supplementary materials

Table S1.

List of drugs used to treat COPD and drugs used to define COPD exacerbation in outpatient settings

Medications for COPD
ICS Beclomethasone, fluticasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, mometasone
LAMA Titropium, glycopyrronium, umeclidinium
LABA Salmeterol, formoterol, indacaterol, vilanterol, tulobuterol
Other medications for COPD Theophylline, acetylcysteine, ambroxol, carbocisteine, fudosteine, bromhexine, salbutamol, fenoterol, procaterol, ipratropium, oxitropium
Drugs used for COPD exacerbation
Systemic corticosteroids Dexamethasone, paramethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone
Antibiotics Benzylpenicillin, aspoxicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, bacampicilin, cinoxacin piperacillin, pivemecillinam, sulbactam/ampicillin, tazobactam/piperacillin, abpc-mcipc, cefroxadine, cefaclor, cefalex, cefalotin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotiam, cefmetazol, cefotiam, flomoxef, cefminox, cefodizime, latamoxef, sulbactam/ cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefbuperazone, cefcapene pivoxil, cefteram pivoxil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil cefpirome, cefmenoxime, csfditoren, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefozopran, cefepime, ceftizoxime, telithromycin, clindamycin, amikacin isepamicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, didekacin, aztreonam, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, josamycin, roxithromycin, aztreonam, tosufloxacin, ofloxacin, garenoxacin, levofloxacin, sitafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin, norfloxacin, pazufloxacin, prulifloxacin, moxifloxacin, lomefloxcin, faropenem, biapenem, tebipenem pivoxil, panipenem/betamipron, imipenem/cilastatin, doripenem, meropenem
Anti-flu medicine Oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir

Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist.

Table S2.

ICD-10 codes used to identify comorbidities

Comorbidity ICD-10 codes
Lung cancer C34
Other malignancy C00–26, C30–33, C37–41, C43–58, C60–76
Interstitial pneumonia B221, J701, J704, J841, J848, J849, J990, J991, M321, M330, M331, M332, M351
Bronchial asthma J45, J46
Bronchiectasis J40, J41, J42, J47
Bacterial lower respiratory tract infection A481, J100, J110, J13–16, J170, J178, J18, J85, J86
Mycobacterium infection A150–154, A156–159, A161–162, A165, A168–169, A19, A310, A319
Mycotic infection A420, A43, B37, B380–382, B390–392, B400–402, B410, B420, B440, B441, B449, B460, J172
Cor pulmonale I27
Congestive heart failure E059, I46, I50, I099, I110
Ischemic heart disease I20–25
Tachycardia I47–49, R000, T818
Autoimmune disease M05, M06, M08, M30–35
Stroke I60–64
Liver dysfunction B89, B181, B182, B659, B661, K702, K703, K72, K74, K761, K762, K763, K766, K767
Renal failure E102, E112, E142, I120, N17–19
GERD K21
Constipation and/or ileus K56, K590
Prostate hypertrophy N40

Abbreviation: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan (H30-Policy-Designated-001, H30-Policy-Designated-004, and H29-ICT-Genral-004) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (17H04141). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study; collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or writing of the manuscript.

Footnotes

Disclosure

TJ (corresponding author), NM, and HY have received financial contributions from Tsumura & Company (Tokyo, Japan) because they have academic affiliations with the Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo supported by Tsumura & Company. Tsumura & Company played no role in this study. The corresponding author also receives research funding from Tsumura & Company for research not related to this study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Author contributions

TJ: study design, data analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. NM: data analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. HY: data analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. YS: data analysis and data interpretation. HM: data collection, data analysis, and data interpretation. HU: study design and data interpretation. AM: study design and data interpretation. YY: study design and data interpretation. KF: data collection and data interpretation. HY: study design and data interpretation. YH: study design, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. All authors contributed to data analysis, draft or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Table S1.

List of drugs used to treat COPD and drugs used to define COPD exacerbation in outpatient settings

Medications for COPD
ICS Beclomethasone, fluticasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, mometasone
LAMA Titropium, glycopyrronium, umeclidinium
LABA Salmeterol, formoterol, indacaterol, vilanterol, tulobuterol
Other medications for COPD Theophylline, acetylcysteine, ambroxol, carbocisteine, fudosteine, bromhexine, salbutamol, fenoterol, procaterol, ipratropium, oxitropium
Drugs used for COPD exacerbation
Systemic corticosteroids Dexamethasone, paramethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone
Antibiotics Benzylpenicillin, aspoxicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, bacampicilin, cinoxacin piperacillin, pivemecillinam, sulbactam/ampicillin, tazobactam/piperacillin, abpc-mcipc, cefroxadine, cefaclor, cefalex, cefalotin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotiam, cefmetazol, cefotiam, flomoxef, cefminox, cefodizime, latamoxef, sulbactam/ cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefbuperazone, cefcapene pivoxil, cefteram pivoxil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil cefpirome, cefmenoxime, csfditoren, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefozopran, cefepime, ceftizoxime, telithromycin, clindamycin, amikacin isepamicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, didekacin, aztreonam, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, josamycin, roxithromycin, aztreonam, tosufloxacin, ofloxacin, garenoxacin, levofloxacin, sitafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin, norfloxacin, pazufloxacin, prulifloxacin, moxifloxacin, lomefloxcin, faropenem, biapenem, tebipenem pivoxil, panipenem/betamipron, imipenem/cilastatin, doripenem, meropenem
Anti-flu medicine Oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir

Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist.

Table S2.

ICD-10 codes used to identify comorbidities

Comorbidity ICD-10 codes
Lung cancer C34
Other malignancy C00–26, C30–33, C37–41, C43–58, C60–76
Interstitial pneumonia B221, J701, J704, J841, J848, J849, J990, J991, M321, M330, M331, M332, M351
Bronchial asthma J45, J46
Bronchiectasis J40, J41, J42, J47
Bacterial lower respiratory tract infection A481, J100, J110, J13–16, J170, J178, J18, J85, J86
Mycobacterium infection A150–154, A156–159, A161–162, A165, A168–169, A19, A310, A319
Mycotic infection A420, A43, B37, B380–382, B390–392, B400–402, B410, B420, B440, B441, B449, B460, J172
Cor pulmonale I27
Congestive heart failure E059, I46, I50, I099, I110
Ischemic heart disease I20–25
Tachycardia I47–49, R000, T818
Autoimmune disease M05, M06, M08, M30–35
Stroke I60–64
Liver dysfunction B89, B181, B182, B659, B661, K702, K703, K72, K74, K761, K762, K763, K766, K767
Renal failure E102, E112, E142, I120, N17–19
GERD K21
Constipation and/or ileus K56, K590
Prostate hypertrophy N40

Abbreviation: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.


Articles from International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease are provided here courtesy of Dove Press

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