Abstract
As a nuclear and nucleolar protein, proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki-67) serves a vital role in tumorigenesis due to its positive correlation with tumor proliferation. High expression of Ki-67 in the cell cycle from the G1 to M phase makes it a potential biomarker for certain tumors and useful for selecting medical treatment. However, the diagnostic value of Ki-67 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, the objective was the elucidation of the prognostic value of Ki-67 in a large number of OSCC patients. Ki-67 expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining methods in 298 OSCC specimens and 98 tumor-free oral mucosa specimens (62 dysplasia mucosa and 36 normal mucosa), acquired from Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). Expression of Ki-67 in normal tissues, dysplasia tissues and OSCC tissues was compared. Associations between Ki-67 expression and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed by χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox progression analysis were used to assess the diagnostic value of Ki-67 for OSCC. The results showed that Ki-67 expression was higher in OSCC tissues than in tumor-free tissues and that it increased with the progression of dysplasia in oral mucosa tissues. In addition, patients with high Ki-67 expression had a worse clinical outcome, including poor tumor differentiation (P=0.001), increased positive lymph node metastasis (P=0.006) and increased worst pattern of invasion type (P<0.0001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that higher Ki-67 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P=0.035), recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P=0.017), metastasis-free survival (MFS) (P=0.032) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.018) times. Additional multivariate analysis demonstrated that Ki-67 expression was negatively associated with OS, DFS, RFS and MFS. In conclusion, Ki-67 overexpression is associated with the progression of OSCC and serves as an independent prognostic factor for OSCC patients.
Keywords: proliferation marker protein Ki-67, prognosis, oral squamous cell carcinoma
Introduction
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequently found oral neoplasm by a considerable margin, accounting for ~90% all types oral cancer (1). Due to a variety of factors, including a high degree of local invasiveness and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes (2), the survival rate of traditionally treated OSCC patients has improved slightly in the past three decades (3,4). Regional or distant metastasis is one of the most crucial factors for the survival of patients. Therefore, searching for biomarkers associated with tumor progression has become a significant challenge in the diagnosis of OSCC (5,6).
Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki-67), a nuclear and nucleolar protein, is expressed in proliferating cells from the G1 to the M phase of the cell cycle, with the exception of the resting phase G0 (7). A sharp decrease in Ki-67 levels occurs in later phases of mitosis (8). Additionally, Ki-67 has been shown to serve an important role in tumorigenesis due to its positive association with tumor proliferation and invasion (9), providing a marker of tumor aggressiveness.
Tumor cell proliferation is an important biological parameter for tumor diagnosis. High expression of Ki-67 in breast tumors shows higher proliferative and invasive activity (10). Kim et al found Ki-67 expression to be inversely associated with age and young age/low Ki-67 patients (young age <40 years, low Ki67 level <10%) had significantly poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared with older age/high patients (old age ≥40 years, high Ki67 level ≥10%) with breast cancer (10). Another study showed that high Ki-67 expression was associated with good clinical outcomes and could act as a good independent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (11). It was also reported that Ki-67, a proliferative marker, but not neuroendocrine expression, was an independent factor in predicting the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer (12). Furthermore, Ki-67 combined with other proteins can also be of diagnostic value. For example, certain studies found that a combination of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein and Ki-67 improved the detection of gastric cancer and identified metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer more accurately by assessing vimentin and Ki-67 expression (13,14). Ki-67 was also reported to correlate with tumor progression in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (15).
Although Ki-67 has been reported to provide a diagnostic marker for neck metastasis in head and neck carcinomas (16), its role in OSCC has not been fully clarified. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between Ki-67 expression and the clinicopathological features of OSCC patients to further assess its diagnostic value.
Patients and methods
Patients and tissue specimens
Paraffin-embedded surgical tissues were randomly collected from 298 OSCC patients, 62 patients with oral leukoplakia exhibiting various histological grades of oral epithelial dysplasia and a control group (36 patients) with normal oral tissues. The specimens were collected from resection surgery at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China) between March 2007 and December 2014. Diagnosis was confirmed by postoperative pathology, and no patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. Pregnant patients and those diagnosed with other diseases were excluded from the present study. The approval of the Ethics Committee of the Stomatological Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University was obtained, as was informed consent from the patients or their families. All patients were followed up bimonthly until July 31, 2015.
Immunohistochemistry
Tissue specimens were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution at 4°C for 24 h, paraffin-embedded, and then cut into 2-µm sections and placed on microscope slides for immunohistochemical analysis. In brief, the sections were successively incubated in xylene, 100% ethanol and 95% ethanol, blocked with 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature and washed. A rabbit monoclonal antibody for Ki-67 (cat. no. ab15580; 1:200 dilution; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) was incubated with all slides at 4°C overnight followed by use of the secondary antibody from the Dako Real™ Envision™ Detection System (cat. no. K500711; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), incubated at room temperature for 2 h. DAB (5 mg/ml) chromogen detection (EnVision Detection System; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Sana Clara, CA, USA) for 10 min was followed by nuclear staining using 1 mg/ml of hematoxylin for 2 min at room temperature. Samples were washed with tap water for 10 min, dehydrated, transparent, and detected with an inverted microscope (magnification, ×200 and ×400; Olympus CKX41; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Quantification of immunohistochemistry
Analysis and evaluation of immunostaining results was independently determined by two pathologists. Differences of opinion were reassessed together to reach consensus. Cells with brown staining under the microscope were considered as positive expression. The proportion of the number of Ki-67-positive cells to the number of total cells was recorded, and three different fields were examined within each micro-localization for the tumor specimen of each patient (9). The median proportion was used as a cutoff for further analysis of the Ki-67 high group (n=149) and the Ki-67 low group (n=149).
Statistical analysis
SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the Prism statistical software package version 6.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were used for statistical analyses. The χ2 test was used to compare the Ki67 high group and the Ki67 low group. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) were estimated comparing high expression groups and low expression groups using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the long-rank test. Survival time was defined as the interval between the date of surgery and the last date the patient was known to be disease-free or alive (censored). The Cox regression model was used to examine interactions between different prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05.
Results
Ki-67 expression is associated with tumor progression
A total of 396 individuals (298 with OSCC, 62 with dysplasia and 36 with normal epithelia) were examined in the present study (Table I). Therefore, differences in Ki-67 expression by immunohistochemistry were analyzed from normal tissue to dysplasia and tumor tissues. It was found that Ki-67 expression was rare in normal oral mucosa and that its expression was mainly located in the basal cells, where it exhibited higher expression than that in normal mucosa (Fig. 1). Ki-67 was highly expressed in the tumor tissues and was mainly expressed in the nuclei of tumor cells. The immunohistochemistry indicated that the Ki-67 high group with oral dysplasia of the epithelial mucosa accounted for 16.7% (n=33) of the total number of high Ki-67 expression cases, while the Ki-67 low group with oral dysplasia of the epithelial mucosa accounted for 14.6% (n=29) of the total number of cases with low Ki-67 expression (Table I).
Table I.
Ki-67 expression in normal mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and OSCC samples.
| Ki-67 expression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample type | n (%) | Low, n (%) | High, n (%) | χ2 | P-value |
| Normal oral mucosa | 36 (9.0) | 20 (10.1) | 16 (8.0) | 2.828 | 0.568 |
| Oral epithelial dysplasia | 62 (15.7) | 29 (14.6) | 33 (16.7) | ||
| OSCC | 298 (75.3) | 149 (75.3) | 149 (75.3) | ||
Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Figure 1.
Immunohistochemical staining showing expression of Ki-67 in normal epithelial mucosa, oral mesenchyme and oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Ki-67 expression is mainly located in the basal cells and is more highly expressed than in normal mucosa. Additionally, Ki-67 is highly expressed in the tumor tissues and is mainly expressed in the nuclei of tumor cells. Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
As the dysplasia of oral epithelial mucosa included mild, moderate and severe dysplasia, Ki-67 expression was analyzed in these three types of tissues. The results showed that Ki-67 expression increased from mild dysplasia to moderate to severe, and demonstrated that the expression of Ki-67 increased with the decreased severity of oral leukoplakia: Mild dysplasia (n=9), 14.5%; moderate dysplasia (n=15), 24.2%; and severe dysplasia (n=38), 61.3% (P=0.029; Table II).
Table II.
Associations between Ki-67 expression and various grades of oral epithelial dysplasia.
| Ki-67 expression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade of oral epithelial dysplasia | n (%) | Low, n (%) | High, n (%) | χ2 | P-value |
| Mild | 9 (14.5) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 7.685 | 0.029a |
| Moderate | 15 (24.2) | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | ||
| Severe | 38 (61.3) | 15 (39.5) | 23 (60.5) | ||
P<0.05. Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Associations between Ki-67 expression and clinicopathological characteristics
The associations were investigated between Ki-67 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, including sex, age, smoking habits, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage (17), tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis status, depth of tumor invasion (DOI) and worst pattern of invasion (WPOI) type (18). The results demonstrated that Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with patient age (P=0.011; Table III), demonstrating that younger people (<60 years) exhibited lower Ki-67 expression. Additionally, Ki-67 was highly expressed in patients with moderate-high differentiation (P=0.001; Table III) and patients with lymph node metastasis (P=0.006; Table III). In addition, Ki-67 expression was found to be higher in patients with WPOI types 4–5 than in those with types 1–3 (P<0.0001; Table III), but there was no significant difference between the DOI <5 and ≥5 mm groups (P=0.082; Table III).
Table III.
Ki-67 expression ratio and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
| Ki-67 expression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | n (%) | Low, n (%) | High, n (%) | χ2 | P-value |
| Sex | Male | 152 (51) | 72 (48.3) | 80 (53.7) | 0.859 | 0.354 |
| Female | 146 (49) | 77 (51.7) | 69 (46.3) | |||
| Age | <60 years | 138 (46.3) | 80 (53.7) | 58 (38.9) | 6.532 | 0.011a |
| ≥60 years | 160 (53.7) | 69 (46.3) | 91 (61.1) | |||
| TNM | I–III | 295 (99) | 148 (99.3) | 147 (98.7) | 0.337 | 0.562 |
| IV–V | 3 (1) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.3) | |||
| Differentiation | Low | 149 (50) | 89 (59.7) | 60 (40.3) | 11.289 | 0.001a |
| Moderate-high | 149 (50) | 60 (40.3) | 89 (59.7) | |||
| Lymph node metastasis | Yes | 11 (3.7) | 1 (0.7) | 10 (6.7) | 7.646 | 0.006a |
| No | 287 (96.3) | 148 (99.3) | 139 (93.3) | |||
| Depth of invasion | <5 mm | 143 (48) | 79 (53) | 64 (43) | 3.025 | 0.082 |
| ≥5 mm | 155 (52) | 70 (47) | 85 (57) | |||
| WPOI | I–III | 174 (58.4) | 103 (69.1) | 71 (47.7) | 14.143 | <0.0001a |
| IV–V | 124 (41.6) | 46 (30.9) | 78 (52.3) | |||
P<0.05. Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; WPOI, worst pattern of invasion.
Associations between Ki-67 expression and survival time
Follow-up data was obtained and the association between Ki-67 expression and the clinical outcome of the patients was analyzed. All patients were separated into two groups according to Ki-67 expression using the median as the cutoff value. The association between OS, DFS, RFS, metastasis-free survival (MFS) and Ki-67 expression was then analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The results demonstrated that higher Ki-67 expression was associated with poorer OS (P=0.035; Fig. 2A), RFS (P=0.017; Fig. 2B), MFS (P=0.032; Fig. 2C) and DFS (P=0.018; Fig. 2D) times. These results suggested that higher Ki-67 expression in OSCC patients was associated with an unsatisfactory clinical outcome.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for (A) OS, (B) RFS, (C) MFS and (D) DFS times of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma according to the expression ratio of Ki-67. The analysis of the survival times and Ki-67 expression demonstrated that higher Ki-67 expression was associated with poorer OS, RFS, MFS and DFS times. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; MFS, metastasis-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Ki-67 expression is an independent diagnostic marker for OSCC
Univariate analysis revealed that the following parameters were associated with increased mortality: TNM [OS: Hazard ratio (HR), 0.081; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.025–0.262; P<0.0001; DFS: HR, 0.107; 95% CI, 0.033–0.345; P<0.0001; RFS: HR, 0.106; 95% CI, 0.033–0.341; P<0.0001; MFS: HR, 0.083; 95% CI, 0.025–0.267; P<0.0001], differentiation (OS: HR, 0.662; 95% CI, 0.521–0.842; P=0.001; DFS: HR, 0.724; 95% CI, 0.57–0.919; P=0.008; RFS: HR, 0.735; 95% CI, 0.579–0.933; P=0.011; MFS: HR, 0.652; 95% CI, 0.513–0.829; P<0.0001) and Ki-67 expression (OS: HR, 1.893; 95% CI, 1.136–3.573; P=0.035; DFS: HR, 2.283; 95% CI, 1.408–3.766; P=0.018; RFS: HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.437–3.428; P=0.017; MFS: HR, 2.048; 95% CI, 1.165–3.393; P=0.032). In a further step of multivariate analysis, Ki-67 expression retained its negative impact on survival for OS, DFS, RFS and MFS (Tables IV–VII).
Table IV.
Prognostic factors in the Cox proportional hazards model for overall survival.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Sex | Male vs. female | 1.138 | 0.899–1.442 | 0.281 | 1.114 | 0.877–1.414 | 0.378 |
| Age | <60 vs. ≥60 years | 1.208 | 0.953–1.53 | 0.118 | 1.154 | 0.906–1.469 | 0.246 |
| TNM | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.081 | 0.025–0.262 | <0.0001a | 0.08 | 0.024–0.264 | <0.0001a |
| Differentiation | Low vs. moderate-high | 0.662 | 0.521–0.842 | 0.001a | 0.659 | 0.507–0.858 | 0.002a |
| Lymph node metastasis | Yes vs. no | 1.003 | 0.372–2.704 | 0.996 | 1.159 | 0.425–3.162 | 0.773 |
| Depth of invasion | <5 vs. ≥5 mm | 1.011 | 0.798–1.28 | 0.929 | 1.137 | 0.879–1.47 | 0.329 |
| WPOI | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.912 | 0.715–1.164 | 0.461 | 1.015 | 0.776–1.326 | 0.915 |
| Ki-67 | Low vs. high expression | 1.893 | 1.136–3.573 | 0.035a | 1.261 | 1.051–3.287 | 0.044a |
P<0.05. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; WPOI, worst pattern of invasion; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Table VII.
Prognostic factors in the Cox proportional hazards model for metastasis-free survival.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Sex | Male vs. female | 1.152 | 0.91–1.459 | 0.239 | 1.123 | 0.885–1.425 | 0.340 |
| Age | <60 vs. ≥60 years | 1.223 | 0.965–1.549 | 0.096 | 1.178 | 0.925–1.5 | 0.185 |
| TNM | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.083 | 0.025–0.267 | <0.0001a | 0.078 | 0.024–0.258 | <0.0001a |
| Differentiation | Low vs. moderate-high | 0.652 | 0.513–0.829 | <0.0001a | 0.66 | 0.508–0.858 | 0.002a |
| Lymph node metastasis | Yes vs. no | 0.498 | 0.182–1.363 | 0.175 | 0.506 | 0.183–1.398 | 0.189 |
| Depth of invasion | <5 vs. ≥5 mm | 0.997 | 0.787–1.263 | 0.979 | 1.119 | 0.866–1.446 | 0.390 |
| WPOI | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.896 | 0.703–1.143 | 0.377 | 1.015 | 0.777–1.325 | 0.916 |
| Ki-67 | Low vs. high expression | 2.048 | 1.165–3.393 | 0.032a | 3.301 | 1.077–10.116 | 0.037a |
P<0.05. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; WPOI, worst pattern of invasion; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Discussion
OSCC is among the most frequently diagnosed cancer types worldwide. However, despite improved therapies, the 5-year survival rate has not changed. Overall, >50% of patients with OSCC demonstrate regional and distant metastases, which result in treatment failures and occasionally mortality within a year due to recurrent or metastatic disease (19,20). In order to improve the survival rate for OSCC, identification of an underlying molecular event differentiating patients at risk for progression at the premalignant stage, is required (21). Factors, including tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM type and differentiation, influence the prognosis of OSCC (22).
Ki-67 is an indicator of cell proliferation and has been shown to be upregulated in numerous tumors (23,24). Tumor proliferative activity labeled by Ki-67 has been found to be associated with tumor aggression, which is specified by tumor grade and stage. Several studies have described these associations and identified Ki-67 as a prognostic factor (14,25–27). The present study found upregulation of Ki-67 expression with tumor progression using normal epithelial mucosa, dysplasia and OSCC samples. In addition, Ki-67 expression also increased from mild to moderate to severe dysplasia. Another important finding was that high expression of Ki-67 was associated with severe differentiation (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.006) and higher WPOI (P<0.0001). Furthermore, high Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with poor survival time with regards to OS (P=0.035), RFS (P=0.017), MFS (P=0.032) and DFS (P=0.018). The biological behavior of OSCC with highly expressed Ki-67 is verified by the association between Ki-67 and affiliated potential clinicopathological characteristics; for example, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, TNM, DOI and WPOI. Unexpectedly, the multivariate analysis revealed that Ki-67 could be an independent predictor for OS, RFS, MFS and RFS.
In summary, the findings of the present study strongly argue for the value of highly expressed Ki-67 as an independent prognostic marker for OSCC. Considering the extensive heterogeneity of tumors, further researches need to enrich correlations of spatial expression of Ki67 with OSCC.
Table V.
Prognostic factors in the Cox proportional hazards model for disease-free survival.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Sex | Male vs. female | 1.15 | 0.916–1.467 | 0.220 | 1.136 | 0.896–1.442 | 0.292 |
| Age | <60 vs. ≥60 years | 1.135 | 0.896–1.438 | 0.293 | 1.103 | 0.867–1.403 | 0.426 |
| TNM | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.107 | 0.033–0.345 | <0.0001a | 0.1 | 0.031–0.327 | <0.0001a |
| Differentiation | Low vs. moderate-high | 0.724 | 0.57–0.919 | 0.008a | 0.737 | 0.568–0.957 | 0.022a |
| Lymph node metastasis | Yes vs. no | 0.572 | 0.209–1.561 | 0.276 | 0.592 | 0.215–1.631 | 0.311 |
| Depth of invasion | <5 vs. ≥5 mm | 1.009 | 0.797–1.277 | 0.943 | 1.123 | 0.872–1.448 | 0.369 |
| WPOI | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.88 | 0.69–1.121 | 0.301 | 0.961 | 0.738–1.252 | 0.769 |
| Ki-67 | Low vs. high expression | 2.283 | 1.408–3.766 | 0.018a | 1.828 | 1.056–3.149 | 0.043a |
P<0.05. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; WPOI, worst pattern of invasion; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Table VI.
Prognostic factors in the Cox proportional hazards model for recurrence-free survival.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Sex | Male vs. female | 1.143 | 0.903–1.448 | 0.265 | 1.127 | 0.888–1.431 | 0.327 |
| Age | <60 vs. ≥60 years | 1.122 | 0.886–1.422 | 0.340 | 1.083 | 0.851–1.378 | 0.516 |
| TNM | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.106 | 0.033–0.341 | <0.0001a | 0.102 | 0.031–0.333 | <0.0001a |
| Differentiation | Low vs. moderate-high | 0.735 | 0.579–0.933 | 0.011a | 0.736 | 0.567–0.956 | 0.022a |
| Lymph node metastasis | Yes vs. no | 1.088 | 0.404–2.932 | 0.868 | 1.227 | 0.45–3.345 | 0.690 |
| Depth of invasion | <5 vs. ≥5 mm | 1.023 | 0.808–1.296 | 0.848 | 1.139 | 0.884–1.47 | 0.314 |
| WPOI | I–III vs. IV–V | 0.897 | 0.703–1.143 | 0.378 | 0.962 | 0.738–1.254 | 0.774 |
| Ki-67 | Low vs. high expression | 2.43 | 1.437–3.428 | 0.017a | 2.461 | 1.308–4.571 | 0.024a |
P<0.05. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; WPOI, worst pattern of invasion; Ki-67, proliferation marker protein Ki-67.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr K. D. Tanq (School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) for assisting in the drafting of the original manuscript.
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81772880 and 81702680), the Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (grant nos. YKK16164 and QRX17083), the Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (since 2017), Nanjing Municipal Key Medical Laboratory Constructional Project Funding (since 2016), and the Center of Nanjing Clinical Medicine of Tumor project (since 2014).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YJ performed the histological examination of the OSCC samples, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. QZ, HZ and YZ analyzed the OSCC patient data. YS and XZ participated in the statistical analyses. XH contributed to the interpretation of the OSCC patient data. YY participated in the histological examination of OSCC. YN designed the study and drafted the manuscript. QH conceived and designed the study. All authors read and approved the submitted manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Stomatological Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients.
Patient consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for the publication of any associated data and accompanying images.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.