Table 2.
On-field natural insect mycoses by Fusarium spp. and the pathogenicity confirmation of the obtained isolates.
| Fusarium Species | Insect-Host | Number of Fungal Isolates and/or Occurrence Frequencies | Koch’s Postulate Confirmed (A) | Quantity of Fungal Concentration Used in A | Percentage Mortality during A | Plantation | Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. acuminatum |
Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) |
8 (3.7%) | Yes, with one isolate | 1.5 × 104–1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | ~60% at 1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | Wheat | USA | [42] |
| F. avenaceum | C. cinctus | 27 (12.4%) | Yes, with one isolate | 1.5 × 104–1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | ~90% at 1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | Wheat | USA | [42] |
| F. culmorum | C. cinctus | 126 (58.1%) | Yes, with one isolate | 1.5 × 104–1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | ~80% at 1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | Wheat | USA | [42] |
| F. equiseti | C. cinctus | 31 (14.3%) | Yes, with one isolate | 1.5 × 104–1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | ~80% at 1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | Wheat | USA | [42] |
| F. merismoides | P. quercivorus | 5 (17.86%) | yes | n/a | 7.17% | Oak logs | Japan | [43] |
| F. oxysporum |
Brahmina coriacea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
262 (18.66%) | yes | n/a | 49.63% | Potato | India | [44] |
|
Platypus quercivorus Murayama (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) |
4 (14.28%) | yes | n/a | 53.93% | Oak logs | Japan | [43] | |
| Insects from the orders Homoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. | 246 (70.29%) | Yes, using one isolate | 108 conidia/mL | 97.5% | Chilli, Palo de rosa plant and Maize | Mexico | [45] | |
|
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) |
1 (4.55%) | Yes | 108 conidia/mL | 50% | Vines | Portugal | [46] | |
| F. proliferatum |
Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) |
2 (3.55%) | yes | 2 × 106 conidia/mL | 33% and 99% | Chestnut | Italy | [47] |
| F. pseudograminearum | C. cinctus | 25 (11.5%) | Yes, with one isolate | 1.5 × 104–1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | >95% at 1.5 × 108 conidia/mL | Wheat | USA | [42] |
| F. solani | B. coriacea | 120 (8.6%) | yes | n/a | 42.59% | Potato | India | [44] |
| P. quercivorus | 1 (3.5%) | yes | n/a | 47.33% | Oak logs | Japan | [43] | |
|
Tetanops myopaeformis Röder (Diptera: Ulidiidae) |
44% | yes | >106 conidia/mL | Considered pathogenic only after Koch’s postulate verification | Wheat during collection and Sugarbeet in the previous year | USA | [48] | |
|
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) |
2 (9.10%) | Yes | 108 conidia/mL | 45% | Vines | Portugal | [46] | |
|
F. verticillioides (=F. moniliforme or F. fujikuroi; teleomorph: Gibberella fujikuroi) |
Insects from the orders Homoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. | 100 (28.57%) | Yes, using one isolate | 108 conidia/mL | 96.6% | Papaya and Maize | Mexico | [45] |
|
Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Homoptera: Aphididae) |
Total four strains isolated | Yes; one isolate was re-tested in field | 107 CFU/mL for Koch’s postulate; 108 CFU/gm powder for the field | 60% effective mortality in field | Sugarcane | India | [49] | |
|
Tropidacris collaris Stoll (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) |
One strain isolated for further testing | Tested on another insect | 2.8 × 106 conidia/mL | 58% against Ronderosia bergi Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) |
Dense woodland | Argentina | [50] | |
|
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) |
1 (4.55%) | Yes | 108 conidia/mL | 40% | Vines | Portugal | [46] |