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Year-to-year changes in the persistence of freshwater invertebrate communities (closed triangles, mean ± standard error (SE)) in eight streams of the Llyn Brianne catchments, Wales U.K., between 1985 and 1998. Persistence calculated as Spearman’s correlation (J) between the rank abundances of species in adjacent years. Dashed lines indicate missing data interpolated for 1991. Circles indicate the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter index. Redrawn from [121].
