Table 2.
Reported in vivo studies in animal models revealing the antidiabetic properties of fermented foods.
| Model System | Study Material | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| STZ-induced diabetic rats | Fermented tea beverage | ↓ HbA1c ↑ Insulin, hemoglobin and tissue glycogen. Normalized the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and hexokinase |
[15] |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice | Fermented food paste (Xeniji™) | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Leptin ↑ Insulin sensitivity ↑ Lipid and glucose metabolism ↓ Proinflammatory cytokines ↓ NF-κB and iNOS gene expression ↓ Nitric oxide level ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglycerides ↓ AST, ALT, ALP ↑ Glycogen level ↓ IL-1β and TNF-α |
[16] |
| KK-Ay/Ta Jc mice | Fermented rice bran and soybean | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum triglyceride ↑ Glucose uptake |
[19] |
| STZ-induced diabetic OLETF rats | Fermented milk with mushroom extract | ↓ Body mass ↓ Perirenal, visceral, and epididymal fats ↓ Serum triglyceride ↓ Non-esterified fatty acid |
[23] |
| Nicotinamide and STZ-induced diabetic rats | Fermented Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. |
↓ Diabetic-associated symptoms | [24] |
| OLETF rats | Fermented grain foods (Antioxidant biofactor) | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ↓ Serum triglyceride ↓ LDL, cholesterol Normalized the UCP2 expression ↑ eNOS proteins |
[25] |
| STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats | Red mold fermented products | ↓ Plasma glucose, triglyceride, amylase, and cholesterol levels. ↑ Glutathione disulfide reductase, glutathione reductase, and catalase activity. ↓ ROS |
[26] |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | Fermented tea | ↓ Blood glucose level | [27] |
| ICR mice | Fermented aged black Garlic |
↓ Body mass ↓ Adipocyte diameters ↓ Periovarian fat weight ↓ Abdominal fat ↓ Blood glucose level ↓ AST and ALT levels ↓ BUN and creatinine levels Normalized the kidney tubules |
[28] |
| STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats | Fermented legume condiment | ↓ AST, ALT, ALP, and malondialdehyde ↑ Glutathione S-transferase, catalase activity ↑ Glutathione level |
[29] |
| KK-Ay/TaJcl mice | Fermented noni | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum triglyceride, LDL ↑ Insulin sensitivity |
[30] |
| db/db Mice | Fermented soybean | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Plasma insulin level |
[31] |
| Sprague–Dawley rats | Fermented soybeans (Chungkookjang), and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) |
↓ Visceral fat ↑ Glucose tolerance ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Hepatic glucose ↓ Triglyceride ↑ Insulin sensitivity ↑ β-cell mass |
[32] |
| Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | Fermented mung bean extracts |
↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride ↓ LDL ↑ Insulin secretion ↑ Antioxidant level |
[33] |
| Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Fermented Rhynchosia nulubilis (Yak-Kong) |
↑ Body mass ↑ HDL ↑ Glucose tolerance ↓ Glucose level ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride ↓ LDL ↓ Coronary risk factors ↓ Malondialdehyde |
[34] |
| KK-Ay diabetic mice | Fermented green tea | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Glucose level ↓ Insulin resistance ↑ Glycolysis associated gene expressions |
[35] |
| db/db mouse | Fermented green tea | ↓ Body weight ↓ Food and water intake ↑ Fecal excretion ↓ Periovarian fat pad mass ↓ White adipocyte diameters ↓ Depths of deposited fat ↑Adiponectin ↓ Serum leptin levels ↓ Pancreatic weight ↓ Pancreatic islet numbers ↓ Blood glucose levels ↑ Insulin level ↓ LDL ↑ HDL ↓ Triglyceride ↓ Serum AST and ALT levels ↓ Steatohepatitis regions ↓ Hepatocyte hypertrophies ↓ BUN and creatinine levels ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↑ GSH ↑ CAT and SOD activity |
[36] |
| STZ-induced diabetic rats | Fermented soy permeates | ↓ Carboxymethyllysine ↑ SOD and GPx activities ↑ Mn-SOD expression ↓ IL-1β ↓ Uric acid |
[37] |
| Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | Fermented Momordica charantia L. extract | ↓ Triglyceride ↓ Glucose level ↑ HDL |
[38] |
| STZ-induced diabetic rats | Monascus purpureus Went (Monascaceae) 254 fermented rice | ↓ HbA1c ↓ Glucose level ↑ Body weight ↑ HDL ↓ LDL ↓ VLDL ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride ↑ Insulin level ↓ Urea ↓ Creatinine ↓ Uric acid ↓ BUN ↑ Total protein ↑ SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPX activities |
[39] |
| db/db mice | Fermented milk with conjugated linoleic acid |
↓ Body weight ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Insulin, and leptin level Improved the glucose and insulin tolerance. ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglycerides ↓ LDL ↑ HDL |
[40] |
| C57BIKsJ db/db mice | Fermented purple Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) extract | ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Insulin ↑ HDL ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglycerides ↓ Non-essential fatty acids ↓ α-glucosidase activity |
[41] |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice | Fermented milk with Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Food consumption ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglycerides ↓ BUN ↓ LDL ↓ Creatinine ↓ Malondialdehyde ↑ Insulin ↑ SOD |
[42] |
| C57BL/6 mice | Fermented Moringa oleifera Lam | ↑ Glucose tolerance ↓ Glucose intolerance ↓ Lipid accumulation ↑ Lipid metabolism ↓ Lipotoxicity ↓ Oxidative stress ↓ Proinflammatory cytokine ↓ Inflammation |
[43] |
| Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Fermented milk | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Cholesterol ↓ LDL ↓ Urea |
[44] |
Abbreviations: NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; CAT, Catalase; eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GSH, Reduced glutathione; GPX, Glutathione peroxidase; Mn-SOD, manganese superoxide dismutase; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; STZ, Streptozotocin; TAC, Total antioxidant capacity; VLDL, Very low density lipoprotein; ↓, Decreased; ↑, Increased. UCP2, Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2. ICR, Institute of Cancer Research.