Table 2.
Pharmacological targeting of autophagy in cardiac ageing and disease.
| Condition | Autophagy | Drug | Regulator |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Ageing | ↓ | Caloric restriction | Sirt1, AMPK, mTOR modulation |
| Resveratrol | Sirt1 activation | ||
| Metformin | AMPK activation | ||
| Rapamycin | mTOR suppression | ||
| Spermidine | Autophagy activation | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | ↓ | Rapamycin | mTOR suppression |
| Caloric restriction | Sirt1, AMPK, mTOR modulation | ||
| Myocardial Infarction-Ischemia | ↑ | Trehalose | Autophagy activation |
| Antihypertensive drugs | |||
| Cloramphenicol, Sulfaphenazole | |||
| Myocardial Infarction-Reperfusion | ↑ | Urocortin | Beclin1 suppression |
| Cloroquine | Lysosomal enzyme suppression | ||
| Propofol | Beclin1 suppression, mTOR activation | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation-Persistent | ↑ | Ca2+ channel blockers | Decrease intracellular Ca2+ levels |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | |||
| 4-phenyl butyrate | ER stress suppression | ||
| Heart Failure-Hypertrophic Stage | ↓ | Rapamycin | mTOR suppression |
| Metformin | AMPK activation | ||
| AICAR | |||
| Heart Failure-Chronic | ↑ | Urocortin | Beclin1 suppression |
| Cloroquine | Lysosomal enzyme suppression |