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. 2018 Dec 4;10(12):1907. doi: 10.3390/nu10121907

Table 2.

Baseline energy and nutrient intake and 2-year changes by study group.

Variable Walnut Group (n = 80) Control Group (n = 69) p *
Energy (kcal/d) Baseline 1742 (1669 to 1815) 1639 (1561 to 1718)
Change 129 (55 to 203) −9 (−88 to 71) 0.014
Total protein (% energy) Baseline 18.0 (17.3 to 18.7) 18.4 (17.6 to 19.1)
Change −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.2) 0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) 0.227
Total carbohydrate (% energy) Baseline 42.1 (40.5 to 43.7) 42.2 (40.4 to 43.9)
Change −3.9 (−5.5 to -2.2) 1.9 (0.1 to 3.7) <0.001
Total fat (% energy) Baseline 38.5 (37.2 to 39.8) 39.2 (37.8 to 40.6)
Change 6.3 (4.7 to 7.8) −1.8 (−3.5 to −0.1) <0.001
Total saturated fat (% energy) Baseline 9.6 (9.1 to 10.1) 9.8 (9.2 to 10.3)
Change −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.1) −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.1) 0.946
Total monounsaturated fat (% energy) Baseline 20.1 (19.2 to 21.1) 20.8 (19.8 to 21.8)
Change −1.5 (−2.7 to −0.4) −1.3 (−2.5 to −0.1) 0.801
Linoleic acid (% energy) Baseline 4.2 (3.8 to 4.6) 4.6 (4.1 to 5.0)
Change 6.7 (6.2 to 7.3) −0.6 (−1.2 to 0.0) <0.001
Alpha-linolenic acid (% energy) Baseline 0.41 (−0.38 to 0.44) 0.44 (0.41 to 0.47)
Change 1.71 (1.62 to 1.79) −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.08) <0.001
EPA + DHA (% energy) Baseline 0.21 (0.16 to 0.26) 0.17 (0.12 to 0.23)
Change −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) 0.283
Total fibre (g/d) Baseline 18 (16 to 19) 17 (16 to 19)
Change 2.1 (0.8 to 3.4) 0.5 (−0.9 to 1.9) 0.108
Cholesterol (mg/d) Baseline 255 (233 to 277) 241 (217 to 265)
Change −18 (−44 to 9) −10 (−38 to 19) 0.678

Data expressed as means (95% confidence interval). EPA denotes eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.* p value obtained by ANCOVA adjusted for age and sex. Changes for which the 95% confidence interval does not include zero are significantly different from the baseline.