TABLE 1.

Adjusted Average Monthly Out-of-Pocket Spending, Insurer Spending, and Share of Spending Paid Out of Pocket for ASD-Specific Services by Spending Quintile, 2008–2012

	Mandate Eligible		Mandate Ineligible		Change Attributable to Mandates
	Mandate in Place	No Mandate in Place	Mandate in Place	No Mandate in Place
Quintile 1 (lowest spenders)
Out-of-pocket spending, $	51	49	46	44	0
Insurer spending, $	75	70	84	83	4
Share of out-of-pocket spending, %	46	46	39	40	1
Quintile 2
Out-of-pocket spending, $	67	65	60	60	1
Insurer spending, $	108	94	119	115	10**
Share of out-of-pocket spending, %	45	47	39	40	−1
Quintile 3
Out-of-pocket spending, $	90	89	79	78	0
Insurer spending, $	148	132	173	166	9*
Share of out-of-pocket spending, %	44	46	37	38	−1
Quintile 4
Out-of-pocket spending, $	130	134	117	111	−10**
Insurer spending, $	263	265	311	307	−5
Share of out-of-pocket spending, %	41	42	35	35	−1
Quintile 5 (highest spenders)
Out-of-pocket spending, $	307	262	219	209	35***
Insurer spending, $	1657	1415	1211	1239	270***
Share of out-of-pocket spending, %	28	32	27	27	−4***

The final sample included 106 977 children. Quintiles were determined by average monthly spending on ASD-specific services between 2008 and 2012. Spending measures were adjusted for sex, age, insurance plan type, and state, month, and year fixed effects. SEs were clustered at the child level. Mandate eligible refers to whether the child had a fully insured plan and met the age criteria for the state’s mandate in a given month. Mandate in place refers to whether the child’s state had a mandate in place in a given month. Children may contribute months to multiple columns.

^***P < .001

^**P < .01

^*P < .05.