Early Language Exposure and Middle School Language and IQ: Implications for Primary Prevention

Recent advances in neuroscience have led to an increased appreciation of the effects of early experience on the brain, with ramifications for language, cognitive, and social-emotional development.^1,2 Language development has been especially well studied, with extensive research documenting relations between early exposure to adult language and children’s language capacities through early elementary school.^3–6

The authors of “Language Experience in the Second Year of Life Predicts Language Outcomes in Late Childhood” extend existing research by using a naturalistic methodology based on analysis of full-day audio recordings (Language ENvironment Analysis, LENA) to demonstrate long-term associations between early language exposure and subsequent child language and IQ through late middle school.⁷ Gilkerson et al⁷ found that the strongest predictor was language-based interaction, with relations (less robust) also found for quantity of language exposure. By showing that parent-child verbal interactions in early childhood predict critically important outcomes through age 14 years (∼10 years later), the authors of this study have made a major contribution to this topic, with strong implications for American Academy of Pediatrics policy and clinical practice recommendations.^8–10 With these findings, the authors also add to the preponderance of research in which the importance of supporting families toward common goals of developmental progress and educational achievement is demonstrated.^6,11,12

The early environment influences every aspect of child development; in addition to effects on cognitive and language outcomes, recent work has also shown that parent-child verbal interactions also have effects on social-emotional development.¹³ This speaks to the importance of early language exposure in every domain of early learning and also to the agency with which children elicit stimulation from their caregivers and their environment; children learn through interactions but also use language to elicit and extend the interactions which help them learn. Like language skills, social-emotional skills and self-regulation play vital roles in early learning and school success.^14,15

The authors speak strongly to the importance of interaction during the 18- to 24-month period of “language explosion”; findings suggest that programs seeking to foster language skills in young children should pay careful attention to the context in which young children are exposed to language during this crucial period. Promotion of language-rich and emotionally positive interactions should be the goal, with play and reading aloud offering contexts for parents to provide not only enriched vocabulary but also opportunities and prompts for enriched interactions.^16–19 In particular, study findings support “primary prevention” of disparities in development and school readiness, beginning early in life before their onset. This is a fundamentally different approach than that of treatment initiatives, which, although also essential, are designed to address problems after their emergence. Importantly, primary prevention can be used to provide an opportunity for population-level delivery across the socioeconomic spectrum, with potential for low cost and cascading impacts across the life span.²⁰

Because primary care visits and immunizations are especially frequent in the first 2 years of life, a period in which children are not necessarily enrolled in other programs or institution-based care, pediatric primary health care offers a promising and low-cost platform for universal, population-level prevention through relationship- and strengths-based strategies.²⁰ The Reach Out and Read (ROR) program, in which primary care providers offer anticipatory guidance about and modeling of reading aloud (along with developmentally appropriate children’s books) at health supervision visits from birth to 5, is the most established scaled program, reaching 4.7 million children annually.²¹ ROR emphasizes dialogic reading techniques in provider training and in parent materials, using the books to foster language-rich interactions. Families receiving ROR report more frequent reading with their children and more positive attitudes toward reading aloud, and children in the intervention have shown improved vocabularies.^22,23

A number of other primary prevention initiatives use pediatric primary care to support language interactions through shared book reading and interactive and pretend play. One well-studied example is the Video Interaction Project (VIP), which enhances ROR by adding a parenting coach at each primary care visit who briefly video records parents and children engaging together around a book or toy provided by the program and then immediately reviews the video with the family.²⁴ Positive, sustained impacts of the VIP on relational health broadly and in child development have been shown in studies.^25,26 Additional examples include Healthy Steps,²⁷ Thirty Million Words,²⁸ Bridging the Word Gap,²⁹ Smart Beginnings (links the VIP in primary care to home visiting through Family Check Up),³⁰ Sit Down and Play,³¹ and City’s First Readers (links to community partners, eg, libraries).³²

In the study by Gilkerson et al,⁷ it is shown that patterns of language exposure established early in life are associated with trajectories of child language and IQ through late middle school. These findings are especially remarkable given the heterogeneity of children’s experiences as they grow up. The importance of language-based interactions for developmental outcomes across many important domains adds weight to the urgency of universal primary prevention programs, which will help parents establish positive patterns during the crucial early developmental windows.

Glossary

ROR

Reach Out and Read

VIP

Video Interaction Project