TABLE 3.

Percentage of Children Aged 3–17 Years Who Took Medication for ASD or Received Behavioral Treatment of ASD, Among Children Aged 3–17 Years Who Currently Have ASD and are Insured, United States, 2016

	Medication for ASD (n = 323)			Behavioral Treatment of ASD (n = 686)
	Weighted %	Adjusted PRRa	95% CI	Weighted %	Adjusted PRRa	95% CI
Overall	27.4	—	—	64.2	—	—
Sex
Boys	30.1	1.30	0.89–1.89	63.1	0.96	0.81–1.14
Girls	17.4	1.00	Referent	68.4	1.00	Referent
Race and/or ethnicity
Hispanic	15.5	0.89	0.60–1.31	67.7	1.19	0.99–1.42
Non-Hispanic white	30.1	1.00	Referent	62.5	1.00	Referent
Non-Hispanic African American	41.2	1.12	0.79–1.58	67.2	1.10	0.89–1.34
Non-Hispanic other and/or multiracial	21.1	0.90	0.58–1.39	59.9	0.92	0.71–1.19
Highest level of education by parent in household
Less than high school	55.5b	1.74c	1.17–2.59c	49.5b	0.64	0.39–1.05
High school, GED, vocational	23.4	0.99	0.67–1.47	75.0	1.10	0.91–1.34
Some college and/or technical school	23.8	0.88	0.61–1.26	63.5	1.00	0.83–1.20
College degree or higher	24.3	1.00	Referent	63.6	1.00	Referent
Family structure
2 parents, married	24.5	1.00	Referent	64.8	1.00	Referent
2 parents, unmarried	19.9b	0.40c	0.19–0.82c	71.7	1.13	0.91–1.40
Single mother	37.7	0.88	0.63–1.22	56.1	0.80	0.63–1.02
Other	26.9	0.76	0.49–1.19	80.1	1.21	0.98–1.49
Household poverty
<100% FPL	27.6	1.03	0.57–1.84	68.7	1.08	0.81–1.43
100%–199% FPL	34.3	1.33	0.77–2.27	58.6	0.98	0.71–1.35
200%–399% FPL	22.5	1.09	0.73–1.63	64.9	1.00	0.82–1.24
≥400% FPL	26.2	1.00	Referent	63.1	1.00	Referent
Insurance statusd
Public only	32.4	1.08	0.73–1.60	67.3	0.98	0.80–1.19
Private only	22.4	1.00	Referent	64.4	1.00	Referent
Other	24.6	1.03	0.71–1.49	50.2	0.80	0.62–1.03
Region
Northeast	26.3	1.41	0.89–2.24	67.5	1.11	0.88–1.41
Midwest	34.4	1.95c	1.26–3.00c	61.0	1.03	0.81–1.31
South	32.4	1.48	0.99–2.23	66.0	1.11	0.88–1.41
West	12.4	1.00	Referent	61.9	1.00	Referent
Nativity
US born	27.2	0.73	0.42–1.27	64.0	0.77c	0.63–0.93c
Foreign born	39.4b	1.00	Referent	76.1b	1.00	Referent
Years since first diagnosise
0–2	18.1	1.00	Referent	68.9	1.00	Referent
3–6	22.5	1.12	0.76–1.65	65.1	0.98	0.81–1.18
≥7	42.9	1.66c	1.19–2.32c	62.8	0.92	0.77–1.12
Type of health care provider to give diagnosis
Primary care provider	28.7	1.00	Referent	55.7	1.00	Referent
Specialist	24.4	0.82	0.61–1.11	65.7	1.15	0.89–1.49
Psychologist (school and nonschool)	23.6	0.70	0.49–1.01	59.7	1.16	0.90–1.51
Psychiatrist	35.2	1.03	0.74–1.44	69.7	1.18	0.89–1.57
Other or don’t know	34.0	0.70	0.45–1.10	75.3	1.42c	1.10–1.84c
Co-occurring conditions
ADD and/or ADHD (ref = no ADD and/or ADHD)	47.5	3.30c	2.14–5.07c	62.8	0.84c	0.70–0.99c
Anxiety problems (ref = no anxiety problems)	39.9	1.16	0.89–1.51	68.0	1.05	0.89–1.24
Developmental delay (ref = no developmental delay)	32.1	1.30	0.98–1.73	68.2	1.08	0.93–1.26
Behavioral or conduct problems (ref = no behavioral or conduct problems)	39.2	1.72c	1.26–2.33c	72.0	1.39c	1.16–1.66c
Currently taking medication for ASD	—	—	—	75.3	1.31c	1.13–1.52c
Received behavioral treatment of ASD	32.0	1.64c	1.18–2.28c	—	—	—

Data source: 2016 NSCH. GED, General Educational Development; ref, referent; —, not applicable.

^aAdjusted for all other demographic, sociodemographic, and birth characteristics shown.

^bEstimates are considered unreliable and should be used with caution. Data have a relative SE >30% or unweighted denominator n < 30.

^cSignificant value.

^dOther insurance includes private, public, and unspecified.

^eThe analyses included those with missing information on age at diagnosis (n = 95).