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. 2018 Dec 11;9(97):36945–36965. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26421

Figure 4. SR4 and niclosamide induce energetic stress and activate AMPK and downregulate mTOR in melanoma cells.

Figure 4

(A) Relative ATP levels in cultured melanoma cells after 1 h treatment with SR4 (5 μM) or niclosamide (1 μM). Total intracellular ATP was measured by bioluminescence assay and expressed as a percentage of vehicle (DMSO) control. *P < 0.05 vs. DMSO control (n = 3). (B) Effects of SR4 and niclosamide on AMPK-mTOR and MAPK signaling. Representative Western blot analyses of melanoma cells treated with DMSO vehicle, SR4 (5 μM) or niclosamide (1 μM) for 4 h. For all blots, 5 μg of protein was loaded in each lane, resolved under electrophoresis and immunoblotted with antibodies against phosphorylated and total AMPK, ACC, raptor, S6K, ERK 1/2, MEK, LKB1 and β-actin, which served as an internal control. Data are representative results from two independent experiments.