The efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery

Abstract

Background:

The efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery remains controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the impact of thoracic paravertebral block on thoracoscopic surgery.

Methods:

We search PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases through August 2018 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of thoracic paravertebral block on thoracoscopic surgery. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model.

Results:

Six RCTs involving 300 patients are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group for thoracoscopic surgery, thoracic paravertebral block results in significantly reduced pain scores within 6 hours (Std. MD = −2.15; 95% CI = −3.67 to −0.62; P = .006), postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours (Std. MD = −1.81; 95% CI = −3.05 to −0.58; P = .004), and hospital stay (Std. MD = −1.19; 95% CI = −2.13 to −0.26; P = .01), but has no important impact on pain scores at 24 hours (Std. MD = −1.10; 95% CI = −2.77–0.57; P = .20), and 48 hours (Std. MD = −1.25; 95% CI = −2.86–0.36; P = .13).

Conclusions:

Thoracic paravertebral block can substantially enhance pain management for thoracoscopic surgery.

1. Introduction

Thoracoscopic surgery has become great population for treating various diseases such as esophageal cancer and lung cancer because of its smaller incision, less pain and inflammatory response, reduced recovery times compared with traditional surgery.^[1–3] Systemic opioids obtain limited efficacy, and result in unsatisfactory pain control and apparent side effects.^[4–6]

Multimodal analgesic regimen has become increasing important for the optimal pain management after surgery, and they include both pharmacologic and regional interventions.^[7–10] Paravertebral block serves as an ideal approach for thoracic and abdominal surgery through delivering segmental anesthesia of operative sites.^[11,12] The probe is placed at the level of the targeted area (e.g., T5–6 interspace), and then a needle is inserted in a lateral-to-medial direction and kept advancing until the needle tip penetrates the internal intercostal membrane. Intermittent injection with normal saline is applied to assist locating the needle tip. After a negative aspiration test, the anesthetic drug is injected into the paravertebral space.^[11] It can also achieve good muscle relaxation and prolonged postoperative analgesia.^[13] Thoracic paravertebral block has superior analgesia and lung function, as well as fewer complications than systemic opioids.^[14,15] It has been successfully applied in sternotomy, breast surgery, abdominoplasty, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.^[16–19]

However, the efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery has not been well established. Recently, several studies on the topic have been published, and the results have been conflicting.^{[11,14,20,21]} With accumulating evidence, we therefore perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery.

2. Materials and methods

Ethical approval and patient consent are not required because this is a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published studies. The systematic review and meta-analysis are conducted and reported in adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).^[22]

3. Search strategy and study selection

Two investigators have independently searched the following databases (inception to August 2018): PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases. The electronic search strategy is conducted using the following keywords paravertebral block, and thoracoscopic or thoracoscopy. We also check the reference lists of the screened full-text studies to identify other potentially eligible trials.

The inclusive selection criteria are as follows: population: patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery; intervention: thoracic paravertebral block; comparison: placebo or nothing; study design: RCT.

4. Data extraction and outcome measures

We have extracted the following information: author, number of patients, age, male, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA, I/II) and detail methods in each group etc. Data have been extracted independently by 2 investigators, and discrepancies are resolved by consensus. We also contact the corresponding author to obtain the data when necessary.

The primary outcome is pain scores within 6 hours. Secondary outcomes include postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours, pain scores at 24 and 48 hours, hospital stay.

5. Quality assessment in individual studies

Methodological quality of the included studies is independently evaluated using the modified Jadad scale.^[23] There are 3 items for Jadad scale: randomization (0–2 points), blinding (0–2 points), dropouts and withdrawals (0–1 points). The score of Jadad scale varies from 0 to 5 points. An article with Jadad score ≤2 is considered to be of low quality. If the Jadad score ≥3, the study is thought to be of high quality.^[24]

6. Statistical analysis

We estimate the standard mean difference (Std. MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous outcomes (pain scores within 6 hours, postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours, pain scores at 24 and 48 hours, hospital stay). A random-effects model is used regardless of heterogeneity. Heterogeneity is reported using the I² statistic, and I² > 50% indicates significant heterogeneity.^[25] Whenever significant heterogeneity is present, we search for potential sources of heterogeneity via omitting one study in turn for the meta-analysis or performing subgroup analysis. Publication bias is not evaluated because of the limited number (<10) of included studies. All statistical analyses are performed using Review Manager Version 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford, UK).

7. Results

7.1. Literature search, study characteristics and quality assessment

A detailed flowchart of the search and selection results is shown in Fig. 1. Five hundred thirty-seven potentially relevant articles are identified initially. Finally, 6 RCTs that meet our inclusion criteria are included in the meta-analysis.^{[11,12,14,20,21,26]}

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of study searching and selection process.

The baseline characteristics of the 6 eligible RCTs in the meta-analysis are summarized in Table 1. The 6 studies are published between 2005 and 2016, and sample sizes range from 40 to 80 with a total of 300. Three RCTs report thoracic paravertebral block with ropivacaine,^[11,20,21] and the remaining 3 RCTs report the bupivacaine.^[12,14,26]

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Among the 6 studies included here, 4 studies report pain scores within 6 hours,^{[12,14,20,21]} 4 studies report postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours,^{[11,14,20,26]} 3 studies report pain scores at 24 and 48 hours,^[14,20,21] and 3 studies report hospital stay.^[11,14,20] Jadad scores of the 6 included studies vary from 3 to 5, and all 6 studies are considered to be high-quality ones according to quality assessment.

7.2. Primary outcome: pain scores within 6 hours

This outcome data is analyzed with the random-effects model, and the pooled estimate of the 4 included RCTs suggested that compared with control group for thoracoscopic surgery, thoracic paravertebral block is associated with significantly reduced pain scores within 6 hours (Std. MD = −2.15; 95% CI = −3.67 to −0.62; P = .006), with significant heterogeneity among the studies (I² = 95%, heterogeneity P < .00001) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Forest plot for the meta-analysis of pain scores within 6 hours.

7.3. Sensitivity analysis

Significant heterogeneity is observed among the included studies for the primary outcomes, but there is still significant heterogeneity after when performing sensitivity analysis via omitting one study in turn or subgroup analysis based on anesthetic drug to detect the heterogeneity.

7.4. Secondary outcomes

Compared with control group for thoracoscopic surgery, thoracic paravertebral block can significantly reduce postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours (Std. MD = −1.81; 95% CI = −3.05 to −0.58; P = .004; Fig. 3), but has no important impact on pain scores at 24 hours (Std. MD = −1.10; 95% CI = −2.77 to 0.57; P = .20; Fig. 4) and 48 hours (Std. MD = −1.25; 95% CI = −2.86–0.36; P = .13; Fig. 5). Hospital stay is substantially decreased by thoracic paravertebral block than control intervention (Std. MD = −1.19; 95% CI = −2.13 to −0.26; P = .01; Fig. 6).

Figure 3.

Forest plot for the meta-analysis of postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours.

Figure 4.

Forest plot for the meta-analysis of pain scores at 24 hours.

Figure 5.

Forest plot for the meta-analysis of pain scores at 48 hours.

Figure 6.

Forest plot for the meta-analysis of hospital stay (day).

8. Discussion

One meta-analysis has reported that injection (single or multilevel) and local anesthetic agent (type, concentration, and volume) can significantly affect the analgesic efficacy. 3-site and bilateral paravertebral block are performed at the right T5 and bilateral T8 levels in order to cover T3–11 right dermatomes and T6–11 left. Enhanced analgesic efficacy and decreased adverse events are produced by the method of paravertebral block.^[27] The effective duration of single-injection paravertebral block is up to 12 hours.^[28] This prolonged analgesia also relies on the relative avascularity of the paravertebral space which benefits to slow uptake of local anesthetics, increase a preemptive efficacy of paravertebral block, and reduce the nociceptive input to the central nervous system.^[29,30]

In one RCT, thoracic paravertebral block is found to lower pain scores only at the first 8 hours for thoracoscopic surgery, and reduces the patient-controlled analgesia sufentanil consumption within postoperative 48 hours.^[11] Our meta-analysis suggests that compared with control intervention for thoracoscopic surgery, thoracic paravertebral block is associated with substantially decreased pain scores within 6 hours, and postoperative anesthesia consumption during 48 hours, but shows no significant influence on pain scores at 24 and 48 hours. In addition, hospital stay is remarkably decreased after the thoracic paravertebral block intervention, which is very important for the enhanced recovery after surgery.

Regarding the sensitivity analysis, there is still significant heterogeneity when performing the analysis by via omitting one study in turn or subgroup analysis based on anesthetic drug. Several reasons may explain this significant heterogeneity. Firstly, different drugs are applied for paravertebral block including ropivacaine and bupivacaine. Secondly, these anesthetic drugs have various concentrations such as bupivacaine 0.375% and 0.5%. Thirdly, the injection numbers of paravertebral block also has the important influence on the anesthetic efficacy, and include single-level and multiple-level block. Fourthly, the detail methods and procedures of thoracoscopic surgery are different, such as for lung cancer or esophageal cancer. Wedge resection may have better analgesic efficacy than lobectomy. Fifthly, the included RCTs involve 2 levels of paravertebral space with unilateral block,^[20] 3 levels of paravertebral space with unilateral block,^[21] 2 levels of paravertebral space with unilateral block for T5 and bilateral block for T8,^[11] 4 levels of paravertebral space with unilateral block,^[14] 5 levels of paravertebral space unilateral block,^[12] and single level of paravertebral space with unilateral block.^[26] Multiple levels block appears to have better analgesic effect than single level block during paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery.

All included RCTs report no serious adverse events after paravertebral block intervention. One included RCT reports that paravertebral block results in lower incidence of adverse effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, atrial arrhythmia, hypotension, and pneumonia) for thoracoscopic surgery, but with no significant difference when compared with control intervention.^[11] This meta-analysis has several potential limitations. Firstly, our analysis is based on only 6 RCTs, and all of them have a relatively small sample size (n < 100). Overestimation of the treatment effect was more likely in smaller trials compared with larger samples. Next, the types, concentrations, and methods of anesthetic drugs in included RCTs are different, which may have an influence on the pooling results. Finally, thoracoscopic surgeries are performed for various diseases and operation procedures.

9. Conclusions

Thoracic paravertebral block has important beneficial effects on pain control for thoracoscopic surgery.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Tianyang Dai.

Formal analysis: Zhi Hu, Tianyang Dai.

Methodology: Zhi Hu, Dan Liu.

Software: Dan Liu.

Supervision: Zhi-Zhen Wang.

Writing – original draft: Zhi-Zhen Wang, Biao Wang.

Writing – review & editing: Biao Wang.