Table 1.

General classification of the main bioceramics used in the tissue engineering field based on their biological performance.

Bioinert	Strengths	Limitations	References
Alumina (Al2O3)	High fracture toughness, strength, and fatigue resistance	Not biodegradable	[16]
Zirconia (ZrO2)	Wear resistance	Risk of catastrophic fracture	[17]
Pyrolytic carbon	Biological inert, biocompatibility, hemocompatibility	Not biodegradable	[18]
Silicon carbide (SiC)	Excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility	Not biodegradable	[15]
Bioactive	Strengths	Limitations	References
Calcium phosphates:	High biocompatibility, similarity to bone mineral phase	Brittle, poor mechanical properties	[19]
Hydroxyapatite (HAp)	Chemical composition and Ca/P ratio closer to bone than any other calcium phosphate	Low solubility, slow degradation rate	[19]
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)	Crystalline forms of high solubility, resorbability	Low mechanical resistance, excessive resorbability	[20]
Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP)	Improved bone growth over HAp and TCP alone	Hard to couple material degradation with tissue growth	[21]
Bioactive glasses	Strong bond to surrounding tissue, antibacterial properties	Poor mechanical properties	[22,23,24]
Coralline	Excellent porous structure, interconnectivity	High variability dependent on the source material	[19]