. 2018 Dec 16;10(4):282. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040282

Table 2.

Theranostic strategies of graphene-based nanomaterials containing GO, NGO, rGO and GQDs.

Graphene-Based Nanomaterial	THERAPY					DIAGNOSTIC										Ref.
	Drug, Bioactive, PS, or Gene	Trigger	MHT	PTT PAT	PDT	Sensing/ Targeting	Therapy Guiding
							Optical					Non-Optical
							FI, PL	2PFI or UCLI	IR-TI	Raman, SERS	X-ray	MRI	PET, CT SPECT	PAI	USI
Theranostic strategies of graphene-based nanomaterials containing GO
Au@PLA-(PAH/GO)_n				+									+		+	[61]
UCNPs-NGO/ZnPc	ZnPc (PS)			+	+			+								[85]
GO-HA-Ce6	Ce6 (PS)	HA		+	+		+									[52]
ICG-GO-FA				+		FA	+							+		[86]
GO-AuNS				+						+						[70]
GQD-Cur	Cur (Bioactive)						+									[78]
GO-Abs/Cy7				+PAT		Abs								+		[72]
GDH	DOX (Drug)	NIR, pH GDH		+		HA	+		+							[62]
PheoA+GO:FA-BSA-c-PheoA	PheoA (PS)	pH		+	+	FA	+									[47]
GO-PEG-ZnS:Mn DOX	DOX (Drug)	pH					+									[53]
CPGA	Cy5.5 (PS)			+	+	MMP-14(P)	+		+					+		[56]
GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX	DOX (Drug)			+		FA						+				[75]
GO/AuNS-PEG/Ce6	Ce6 (PS)			+	+				+							[87]
GO/Bi₂Se₃/PVP				+					+				+	+		[92]
GO/UCNPs ZnFe₂O₄	ZnFe₂O₄ (PS)			+	+			+	+			+	+	+		[48]
GO/MnWO₄/PEG	DOX (Drug)	NIR, pH		+								+		+		[5]
LOGr-Pc-LHRH	Pc (PS)	NIR		+	+		+									[81]
Theranostic strategies of graphene-based nanomaterials containing NGO
GO-DOX	DOX (Drug)	pH												+		[71]
ICG-FeCl₃@GO	ICG (PS)			+	+	AGE-Aptamer	+									[83]
GO@Ag-DOX-NGR	DOX (Drug)	NIR		+		NGR					+					[76]
GO-PEG-DVDMS	DVDMS (PS)	NIR		+	+									+		[88]
IO/GO-COOH				+					+			+				[60]
GO-PEG-CysCOOH				+					+					+		[73]
Au@NGO	DOX (Drug)										+					[68]
NGO-PEG-FA				+	+	FA	+		+							[7]
NGO-IR-808	IR-808 (PS)	NIR		+	+	BPEI	+		+							[67]
NGO-PEG-ICG/PTX	PTX (Drug)	pH					+									[91]
NGO-UCNPs-Ce6	Ce6 (PS)			+	+			+								[57]
UCNP@NGO				+				+	+							[64]
Theranostic strategies of graphene-based nanomaterials containing rGO
BSA/nano-rGO				+					+					+	+	[74]
rGONM-PEG-Cy7 RGD				+		RGD	+									[46]
rGO-Fe₂O₃ @AuNPs	DOX (drug)	NIR Magnetic		+			+					+				[50]
rGO nanosheets				+					+							[69]
¹³¹I-rGO-PEG	¹³¹I (Radio- therapy)	NIR		+					+				+			[51]
rGO-AuNRVe	DOX (drug)	NIR pH		+									+	+		[79]
anti-EGFR-PEG-rGO@CPSS-Au-R6G				+		Anti-EGFR	+			+						[6]
ICG-PDA-rGO				+					+					+		[59]
rGO-GSPs				+					+					+		[66]
rGO-mfHSA				+					+							[93]
FA-PEG-Lip@rGO/Res	Res (Bioactive)			+		FA			+							[58]
ArGO				+					+							[77]
AAP10-pDA/rGO	AAP10 (Peptide)			+					+							[90]
Theranostic strategies of graphene-based nanomaterials containing GQDs
cGdots				+	+		+									[45]
GQDs	PpIX (PS)				+		+									[44]
PLA-PEG-grafted GQDs (f-GQDs)	IP ASODN (Gene)						+									[55]
AS1411@GQD	AS1411 (Gene)	NIR		+		AS1411	+									[84]
HA-GQD-SiO₂ NPs	Hypocrellin (PS)				+		+									[94]
GQDs@Cys-BHC	BHC (Bioactive)	pH					+									[82]
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ @GQDs-FA/DOX	DOX (Drug)	pH				FA FRET	+					+				[80]
GQD-MSN-DOX	DOX (Drug)			+					+							[89]
GQD-PEG-P	P (PS)			+	+		+									[49]
DOX@GQD--P-Cy	DOX (Drug)	Peptide P				FRET	+									[54]
DL-GQD-comp	DOX (Drug)	pH				HER	+									[63]
R780/GQDs-FA				+		FA	+		+							[65]
SCNA (DOX/GQD)	DOX (Drug)	NIR + HTPGS		+			+		+							[8]

Table 2 abbreviations: GO—Graphene oxide; NGO—Nano Graphene oxide; rGO—Reduced Graphene oxide; GQDs—Graphene Quantum Dots; PS—photosensitizer; CT—computed tomography; SPECT—Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography; FI—fluorescence imaging; 2PFI—two photon fluorescence microscopy imaging; FRET—fluorescence resonance energy transfer; IR-TI—infrared thermal imaging; MHT—magnetic hyperthermia therapy; MRI—magnetic resonance imaging; PAI—photoacoustic imaging; PAT—photoacoustic therapy; PDT—photodynamic therapy; PET—positron emission tomography; PL—Photoluminescence; PTT—photothermal therapy; SERS—Super Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy; UCLI—upconversion luminescence imaging; USI—ultrasound image; AAP10—Antiarrhythmic peptide 10 (promotes bystander effect); Abs—integrin α_vβ₃ mAb (targeting ligand); Ag—silver; AGE-aptamer—targets melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein (ML-IAP) overexpressed in melanoma cells; anti-EGFR—anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (targeting ligand); APGA—amphiphilic poly-γ-glutamic acid; ArGO—rGO coated with amphiphilic poly-γ-glutamic acid; AS1411—aptamer of 26-base guanine-rich short oligonucleotide (targeting ligand); ASODN—survivin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide; Au—gold; AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; AuNRVe—gold nanorod vesicles; AuNR—Gold nanorods; AuNS—Gold nanostars; Bi₂Se₃—Bismuth Selenide; BHC—Berberine hydrochloride; BPEI—Branched polyethylenimine; BSA—bovine serum albumin; Ce6—Chlorin e6 (photosensitizer); cGdots—carboxylated graphene dots; Cy5.5—Cyanine 5.5 (NIR dye and photosensitizer); Cy7—Cyanine 7 (NIR dye and photosensitizer); Cys—Cysteamine hydrochloride (NIR dye); Cys-COOH—Cysteine- rich Carboxy-terminal domain CPGA—theranostic probe formed by Cy5.5 (NIR dye) labelled-matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) substrate (CP) conjugated onto the GO/Au complex (GA); CPSS—carbon porous silica nanosheets; Cur—curcumin; DL-GQD-comp—doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded GQD complex; DOX—doxorubicin hydrochloride; DSPE—1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DVDMS—bis[1-[6,7-bis[2-(sodium carbonate ethyl]-1,3,5,8,-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-porphin-4-yl]ethyl]ether (photosensitizer); FA—Folic acid (target ligand); FeCl₃—Iron chloride; Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄—Iron oxide nanoparticles; Gd—Gadolinium; GDH—Graphene–DOX conjugate in HA nanogel; GSPs—gold superparticles; HA—hyaluronic acid (target ligand); HA-GQD—complex of Hypocrellin A (photosensitizer), HA and GQD; HER—Herceptin, monoclonal antibody that targets HER2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (target ligand); HTPGS—N-acetyl histidine-functionalized D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate; ¹³¹I—Iodine-131 (radioisotope); ICG—NIR fluorescence dye; IO—iron oxide; IR780—IR780 iodide (NIR dye); IR-808—Heptamethine indocyanine dye (photosensitizer); LHRH—luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide; Lip—Phospholipids; LOGr—low-oxygen graphene; mfHSA—multifunctional human serum albumin—HSA functionalized with indocyanine green (ICG) and lactobionic acid (LA); MMP-14(P)—Peptide substrate of MMP-14, a key endopeptidase that is overexpressed on tumor cell surface; MnWO₄—manganese tungstate; MSN—mesoporous silica nanoparticles; NGR—Asn-Gly-Arg peptide that can selectively recognize CD13 isoform selectively overexpressed in tumor vasculature and certain tumor cells (target ligand); OA—Oleic acid; P—porphyrin; PAH—poly (allylamine hydrochloride); Pc—phthalocyanine; P-Cy—Cyanine 5.5 dye conjugated to GQD though a cathepsin D-responsive peptide (P); PDA or pDA—Polydopamine (reduces GO improves water solubility and biocompatibility and increases NIR absorption); PEG—Polyethylene glycol; PheoA—Pheophorbide A (photosensitizer); PLA—polylactic acid; PpIX—protoporphyrin IX (photosensitizer); PTX—Paclitaxel; PVP—polyvinylpyrrolidone; R6G—Rhodamine 6G; Res—Resveratrol; rGONM—reduced graphene oxide nanomesh; RGD—arginine–glycine–aspartic acid-based peptide (target ligand); SCNA—size-changeable graphene quantum dot nanoaircraft; SiO₂ NPs—silicon dioxide nanoparticles; UCNPs—upconversion luminescence nanoparticles; ZnFe₂O₄—Zinc ferrite nanoparticles; ZnPc—Zinc phthalocyanine (photosensitizer); ZnS:Mn—manganese-doped zinc sulfide nanoparticles.