Table 3.

Systematic examination of various facial structures and their abnormalities

Views	Structure	Abnormal features	Abnormalities
Coronal	Lip	Loss of integrity	Facial cleft
	Mouth	Small or continuous, open	Microstomia or syndromes
	Nose	Flat or one nostril	Hypoplasia, single-nostril syndromes
	Palpebral fissure	Upward or downward slant
Transverse	Orbits	Small, absence, abnormal interocular diameter	Microphthalmia/anophthalmia, hypotelorism/hypertelorism
		Medial cyst	Dacryocystocele
	Lens	Echogenic	Cataract
	Tooth buds	Cleft, abnormal number	Cleft palate, oligodontia/anodontia
	Mandible	Small	Micrognathia
	Uvula	Absent or double 'equals sign'	Cleft uvula
	Ears	Abnormal size, shape, location, or rotation	Abnormal ear
Sagittal	Forehead	Bossing	Skeletal dysplasia
		Sloping	Microcephaly
		Abnormal mass	Proboscis
	Nose	Flat	Syndromes
		Absence or short nasal bone	Aneuploidies
	Maxilla	Premaxillary protrusion	Bilateral facial cleft
	Soft palate	No soft palate or 'equals sign'	Cleft soft palate, uvula
	Philtrum	Long or short	Syndromes
	Mandible	Small chin	Micrognathia
	Symmetry	Asymmetry of face	Facial asymmetry
	Tongue	Large, protrusion, mass backward displacement	Macroglossia, tumor glossoptosis
	Ears	Abnormal size, shape, mass, or location or rotation	Small, dysplastic, absent, large, polyp, low-set