Abstract
Objective
Despite prelacteal feeding contravenes with exclusive breastfeeding, it is a prevailing problem in Ethiopia. However, its burden and factors were not investigated in Mettu district. Therefore, the objective of our study was to conduct the burden of prelacteal feeding and its associated factors. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 730 mother–child pairs. Stratified cluster sampling was used. Data were collected by face- to- face interview. Logistic regression model was fitted.
Results
A total of 719 mother–child pairs with a response rate of 98.5% were participated. The overall proportion of prelacteal feeding among mothers was 14.2% [95% CI (12.0, 17.0)]. No maternal education [AOR: 3.54 (95% CI 1.7, 6.98)], single ANC visits [AOR: 6.87 (95% CI 3.21, 14.73)], didn’t know risks of prelacteal feeding [AOR: 2.73 (95% CI 1.47, 5.05)], colostrums avoidance [AOR: 6.030 (95% CI 3.48, 10.46)], home delivery [AOR: 3.04 (95% Cl 1.60, 5.75] and cesarean delivery [AOR: 4.27 (95% CI 2.28, 7.99)] were significantly associated factors. Prelacteal feeding among mother–child pairs was high. Hence, increasing maternal education and institutional delivery are vital for prompt infant feeding.
Keywords: Ethiopia, Mother–child pairs, Prelacteal feeding
Introduction
Breast milk is the ideal meal for growth and brain development, and lifesaving nutrient for infants < 6 months of age [1, 2]. In contrary, worldwide, nearly 2 from 5 breastfed newborns receive fluid/foods in their earliest days of life [1, 3].
Irrespective of the reasons, provision of any fluid and/or semisolids to newborns before initiation of breast milk is considered as prelacteal feeding [3, 4]. It is the main cause of suboptimal breastfeeding which increases the risk of neonatal infections, deaths, diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory illnesses [1]. Similarly, it is associated with stunting [5] and early cessation of breastfeeding [6].
Despite this fact, in many regions of the globe including Ethiopia, significant proportion of mothers offer prelacteals to their newborns [7–15] in that the record is highest in Southeast and Central Asia [15–19], modest in Latin America accounting 22.9–40% [20], average in Sub-Saharan Africa that showed 32.2% [7], and Ethiopia’s ranges from 6.7 to 56% [3, 4, 10, 21–24]. In literatures, lack of maternal education [21, 25, 26], antenatal care (ANC) utilization [7, 21], home delivery [10, 23, 27], cesarean delivery [9, 20, 21], unknowing to risks of prelacteal feeding [3, 10], late initiation of breastfeeding [27] and colostrums avoidance [28] were found to be factors affecting prelacteal feeding.
In Ethiopian community, raw butter, plain water, cow milk and glucose solution are the most common prelacteals [3, 10, 21, 28]; and tradition or culture, perception of breast milk insufficiency and cleaning the gut are reasons of prelacteal feeding [7, 12].
Since 2004, Ethiopia has been implementing the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) strategy as a key component of child survival approach [29]. However, breastfeeding was suboptimal [4], and prelacteal feeding has been continued as deep-rooted problem [4, 10, 11, 22]. In the past 20 years, though there is reduction of child mortality in Ethiopia, half of the prevailing mortality happens during neonatal period [4]. Consequently, investigating the burden and determinants of this problem is paramount to promote implementation of IYCF thereby reducing neonatal mortality. Nonetheless, the study area has limited evidence on this regard. The study could serve as baseline information for researchers and input for policy makers.
Main text
Methods and materials
Study design, setting and period
A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Oromia Regional state, Illu Aba Bor Zone of Mettu district from April 10-March 10, 2018 G.C. Mettu District is 600 km southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Sample size and sampling procedure
A total of 730 mother–child pairs were recruited by single population proportion formula using Z-score at 95% confidence level (1.96); national proportion of prelacteal feeding (P = 28.92% = 0.2892), d = 0.04 (4% margin of error), D = design effect (1.5) and of 5% non-response rate.
Stratified cluster sampling technique was employed in that the study population was first stratified by residence as rural and urban kebeles. The residential stratification yields 29 rural and 3 urban kebeles. Each stratum (rural and urban) was taken as clusters. One urban and 7 rural kebeles were randomly selected using lottery method. All mother–child pairs living in selected kebeles were recruited thereby 595 taken from rural and 124 from urban. Target households with mother–child pairs were identified by family folder.
Data collection tool and procedure
Data were collected by face-to-face interview using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Five data collectors and 2 supervisors were recruited for data collection process. One day intensive training and attentive follow up were done.
Operational definition
Prelacteal feeding (YES/NO) Giving fluid and/or semisolid food to newborn except medicines, vitamins and minerals before initiation of breastfeeding [3, 4].
Data analysis
Data were entered using Epi-info version 7.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize the variables. Logistic regression model was fitted. For each variable, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were estimated. Variables with p value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant with prelacteal feeding.
Results
Socio-demography
A total of 719 mother–child pairs with a response rate of 98.5% were included in the study. Of these, 82.80% were from rural, 361 (58.5%) were within 25–34 years having mean age of 28.79 (± 5.47) years. The mean age of index children was 10.35 (± 3.48) months with 43.40% ranged from 6 to 11 months. Nearly three-fourth 441 (72.8%) of participants were Oromo by ethnicity, 269 (37.4%) housewives by occupation, and 386 (53.7%) were Orthodox Christian by religion (Table 1).
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers with children less than 24 months of age in Mettu district, Oromia regional state, southwestern Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 719)
| Variables | Frequency (No) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal age | ||
| ≤ 24 | 194 | 27.00 |
| 25–34 | 410 | 57.00 |
| ≥ 35 | 115 | 16.00 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Oromo | 514 | 71.50 |
| Amhara | 140 | 19.50 |
| Gurage | 51 | 7.10 |
| Kefa | 14 | 1.90 |
| Maternal religion | ||
| Orthodox Christian | 386 | 53.70 |
| Protestant | 203 | 28.20 |
| Muslim | 127 | 17.70 |
| Catholic | 03 | 0.40 |
| Family type | ||
| Nuclear | 571 | 79.40 |
| Single parents | 97 | 13.50 |
| Extended | 51 | 7.10 |
| Maternal monthly income | ||
| ≤ 500 | 223 | 31.00 |
| 501–1000 | 149 | 20.70 |
| 1001–2000 | 145 | 20.20 |
| > 2000 | 202 | 28.10 |
| Maternal occupation | ||
| Housewife | 269 | 37.40 |
| Students | 34 | 4.70 |
| Government employment | 161 | 22.40 |
| Merchants | 207 | 28.80 |
| Farmers | 48 | 7.60 |
| Age of index child | ||
| 0–5 months | 247 | 34.30 |
| 6–11 months | 312 | 43.40 |
| 12–23 months | 160 | 22.30 100.00 |
| Sex of index child | ||
| Male | 431 | 59.90 |
| Female | 288 | 40.10 |
| Birth order of index child | ||
| 1st | 161 | 22.40 |
| 2nd | 247 | 34.40 |
| 3rd | 173 | 24.10 |
| ≥ 4th | 152 | 19.19 |
| Perceived wt. of index child | ||
| Small | 171 | 23.80 |
| Average | 519 | 72.20 |
| Large | 29 | 4.00 |
| Residence | ||
| Rural | 595 | 82.80 |
| Urban | 124 | 17.20 |
| Educational status | ||
| No education | 71 | 9.90 |
| Read and write | 151 | 21.00 |
| Primary education | 206 | 28.70 |
| Secondary education | 225 | 31.30 |
| College and above | 66 | 9.20 |
| Total | 100.00 | |
In our manuscript, Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of mother–child pairs in the study area. We have depicted high frequencies in text and the details of demographic data were presented in the table
Maternal healthcare characteristics
From all participants, 694 (96.1%) have utilized ANC services, of which 83 (11.95%) of women utilize ANC once only. About 74.80% of women were multiparous, 152 (21%) did not get breastfeeding counseling and 82.30% gave birth at health facilities. About 13.50% delivered by cesarean section and 641 (89%) of mothers assisted by health professionals (Table 2).
Table 2.
Healthcare characteristics of Mothers having Children less than 24 months at Mettu District, Oromia regional state, southwestern Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 719)
| Variables | Frequency | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Antenatal care (n = 719)a | ||
| YES | 694 | 96.20 |
| NO | 25 | 3.80 |
| Number of ANC (n = 694) | ||
| 1 times | 83 | 11.95 |
| 2–3 times | 342 | 49.27 |
| ≥ 4 times | 269 | 38.78 |
| Parity (n = 719) | ||
| 1st | 181 | 25.20 |
| 2–3 | 445 | 61.90 |
| ≥ 4 | 93 | 12.90 |
| Breastfeeding counseling at ANC clinic (n = 694) | ||
| YES | 542 | 78.10 |
| NO | 152 | 21.90 |
| Information from counseling (n = 563)b | ||
| Benefit of breastfeeding | 199 | 35.34 |
| Positioning and attachment | 54 | 9.60 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 254 | 45.12 |
| Non-breastfeeding problem | 44 | 7.80 |
| Expressed breastfeeding | 12 | 2.13 |
| Place of delivery (n = 719) | ||
| Health facility | 628 | 82.30 |
| Home | 91 | 12.70 |
| Mode of delivery (n = 719)c | ||
| Cesarean Section | 97 | 13.50 |
| Vaginal delivery | 622 | 86.50 |
| Assistant during delivery (n = 719) | ||
| Health professionals | 641 | 89.20 |
| TBA | 78 | 10.80 |
| 100.00 | ||
a At least one visit; TBA: traditional birth attendant
b Multipleanswers
c Assisted/instrumental delivery is coded as vaginal delivery
Prelacteal feeding practice
Out of 719 mother-infant pairs, 102 (14.2%) [95% CI 12.0, 17.0] reported that they gave prelacteals to newborns before initiation of breastfeeding. Of these, about 39.22% gave fresh butter, 36.27% provided pure/plain water, 18.60% fed animal milk, and 5.90% used sugar solution. About 82.50% of mothers fed colostrums to their index child, whereas 17.5% of them avoided it. Nearly 38.4% said that colostrums cause abdominal cramp and diarrhea, 32% complained breast milk insufficiency, 28% fear maternal illness, and 1.6% reported child growth retardation as reasons of colostrums avoidance. Around 72.7% of newborns were initiated breastfeeding on time (≤ 1 h). Pertaining to knowledge of mothers on risk of prelacteal feeding: more than half (64.12%) mothers didn’t know the risks, 13.76% of mothers reported diarrhea, 11.83% of mothers claimed it slows child growth, 6.39% of them reported it causes infections, and 3.89% claimed child vomiting.
Factors associated with prelacteal feeding among mother–child pairs
The multivariable analysis showed that educational status, number of antenatal care visits, knowledge on risks of prelacteal feeding, colostrums avoidance, place of delivery, and mode of delivery were found to be statistically significant positively associated factors with prelacteal feeding among mother–child pairs. Sequentially interpreted as follows:
The odds of practicing prelacteals among mothers without formal education was 3.537 times higher as compared to those having formal education [AOR: 3.537 (95% CI 1.793, 6.978)].
The odds of practicing prelacteals among mothers attending single ANC visit was 6.872 times as compared to those attending four or more visits [AOR: 6.872 (95% CI 3.206, 14.729)].
The odds of practicing prelacteal feeding among mothers who are unknowing about risks of prelacteals was 2.725 times higher as compared to those knowing the risks [AOR: 2.725 (95% CI 1.472, 5.046)].
The odds of practicing prelacteals among mothers who avoid colostrums was 6.030times higher as compared to those who fed it [AOR: 6.030 (95% CI 3.478, 10.455)].
The odds of practicing prelacteal feeding among mothers experienced home delivery was 3.035 times higher as compared to those experienced institutional delivery[AOR: 3.035 (95% CI 1.603, 5.747)].
The odds of practicing prelacteal feeding among mothers experienced cesarean section was 4.266 times as compared to those experienced spontaneous vaginal delivery [AOR: 4.266 (95% CI 2.276, 7.996)] (Table 3).
Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with prelacteal feeding among mothers having children less than 24 months of age in Mettu district Southwestern, Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 719)
| Variables/category/ | Prelacteal feeding Yes No |
COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Educational status | ||||
| No formal | 24 (33.80%) | 47 (66.20%) | 3.732 (2.162, 6.440)* | 3.537 (1.793, 6.978)** |
| Formal | 78 (12.04%) | 570 (87.96%) | 1.00 | |
| Family type | ||||
| Nuclear | 74 (12.96% | 497 (87.04%) | 1.00 | 1.975 (0.860, 4.537) |
| Single parents | 14 (14.43%) | 83 (85.57%) | 1.33 (0.611,2.099) | .837 (0.376, 1.861) |
| Extended | 14 (27.45%) | 37 (72.55%) | 1.487 (1.087, 2.033)* | |
| Sex of index child | ||||
| Male | 72 (16.71%) | 359 (83.29%) | 0.580 (.368, .914)* | 1.500 (0.864, 2.605) |
| Female | 30 (10.42%) | 258 (89.58%) | 1.0 | |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 92 (15.46%) | 503 (84.54%) | 0.480 (0.242, 0.950)* | 1.908 (0.827, 4.404) |
| Urban | 10 (8.06%) | 114 (91.94%) | 1.00 | |
| Number of ANC | ||||
| 1st | 35 (42.17%) | 48 (57.83%) | 0.468 (0.365, 0.600)* | 6.872 (3.206, 14.72)** |
| 2–3 | 44 (10.02%) | 294 (86.98%) | 2.192 (1.222,3.933)* | |
| ≥ 4 | 17 (6.39%) | 249 93.61%) | 1.00 | |
| Counseling on breastfeeding | ||||
| Yes | 59 (10.41%) | 508 (89.59%) | 1.00 | 1.529 (0.809, 2.889) |
| No | 43 (28.29%) | 109 (71.71%) | 3.397 (2.179, 5.296)* | |
| Know risks of prelacteal feeds | ||||
| Yes | 16 (6.20%) | 242 (93.79%) | 1.00 | 2.725 (1.472, 5.046)** |
| No | 86 (18.65%) | 375 (81.34%) | 3.469 (1.986, 6.058)* | |
| Colostrums avoidance | ||||
| Yes | 52 (41.27%) | 74 (58.73%) | 7.631 (4.828, 12.06)* | 6.030 (3.478, 10.45)** |
| No | 50 (8.43%) | 543 (91.57%) | 1.00 | |
| Assistant during birth | ||||
| Health personnel | 78 (12.17%) | 563 (87.83%) | 1.00 | 0.318 (0.066, 1.529) |
| TBA | 24 (30.77%) | 54 (69.23%) | 3.208 (1.877, 5.483)* | |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Health facility | 71 (11.31%) | 557 (88.69%) | 1.00 | 3.035 (1.603, 5.747)** |
| Home | 31 (34.06%) | 60 (65.93%) | 4.053 (2.461, 6.676)* | |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Cesarean section | 28 (28.86%) | 69 (71.13%) | 3.005 (1.819, 4.963)* | 4.266 (2.276, 7.996)** |
| Vaginal delivery | 74 (11.89%) | 548 (88.01%) | 1.00 | |
COR crude odd ratio, AOR adjusted odd ratio, CI confidence interval
*Associated by binary logistic regression with p-value < 0.05, ** Associated by multivariable logistic regression with p-value < 0.001
Discussion
In this study, the overall proportion of prelacteal feeding among mother–child pairs was found to be 14.2% (95% CI 12.0, 17.0). It is in line with studies of Jimma 12.6% [30], and Tigray 12.8% [31]. However, it is higher than studies elsewhere in Ethiopian: East Wollega 6.7% [32], North Wollo 11.1% [28] and Arba Minch 8.9% [33]. The discrepancy could from the current study gives due emphasis for both rural and urban residence whereas those studies focuses only rural residence. The finding was lower than studies of Raya kobo 38.8% [10], Harari 45% [11] and Dabat 56% [22]. This is stemmed from socio-cultural difference. It also lower than studies from Egypt 58% [12], Vietnam 73.3% [15] and India 49.5% [18] which emanated from the difference in maternal beliefs and attitude towards breastfeeding and socio-cultural variations.
The odds of providing prelacteals among uneducated mothers were nearly four folds higher than who were educated. This was supported by evidences [27, 34, 35] as in maternal education increases utilization of healthcare services and positively affects proper infant feeding practices.
Mothers having single ANC visit practiced prelacteals approximately seven times higher than who followed 4 or more. This was congruent with study reports [7, 26]. As the number of ANC visits increase, the likelihood of getting lactation counseling on infant and child feeding will be increased and promoted.
The odds of practicing prelacteal feeding among cesarean delivered mothers were nearly four times higher compared to vaginally delivered mothers. Evidences like [7, 9, 18, 19, 21] showed that C/S influences the family, tradition/custom/of the community and fear of pain after delivery that delays breastfeeding initiation which in turn facilitates use of prelacteals. A meta-analysis showed that cesarean section delays initiation of breastfeeding [16].
Home delivery increases prelacteal feeding by three folds than institutional delivery. This was congruent with studies [10, 28, 34]. In this study, nearly half (51%) of mothers were influenced by colleagues, traditional birth attendants and husband while delivering at home that facilitate prelacteal feeding; whereas encouraged to avoid prelacteals during postnatal care services at healthcare.
Colostrums avoiding mothers had six times odds of practicing prelacteal feeding compared to colostrums feeding counterparts. This was parallel with studies [23, 28] as in there may be influence from the traditional birth attendants. Moreover, maternal misperception and/or misconception that colostrums may cause newborn sickness and considering it as dirty milk are the reasons of avoiding this medicinal substance [6, 15].
The odds of practicing prelacteals among mothers who didn’t know the risks of prelacteal feeding were nearly 3 times higher than their counterparts. This was similar with studies [3, 10, 15] that could be explained as none and/or low maternal education and reduced ANC visits have negative impacts on proper infant feeding.
Conclusion
Prelacteal feeding was common in the study area; and found to be high. Thus, emphasis should be given to improve awareness on risks of prelacteal feeding, benefits of colostrums feeding, ANC follow up visits and increases institutional delivery services.
Limitations
Though standard data quality assurance mechanisms were applied, there might be a chance of recall and information biases in ascertaining some of the variables, such as healthcare access and time to initiation of breast milk.
Authors’ contributions
TF: Conceived, designed and organized the whole procedure of this article production, and performed data analysis and interpreting of findings. AD: performed data analysis, interpreting of findings and coaching and mentoring, as well prepared the manuscript. WW: performed data analysis, interpreting of findings and coaching and mentoring, and equally prepare the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank mothers for their willingness to participate in the study. The authors’ appreciation will also go to the University of Gondar for provision this educational opportunity as well as to Illu Aba Bor zone Health office for their positive cooperation during data collection.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of University of Gondar. An official permission letter was secured from the Illu Aba Bora Zone Health Office. Informed verbal consents were assured in that all mothers were informed about the purpose of the study, and interview was held only with those who agreed to give verbal consent to participate. The right of a participant to withdraw from the study at any time, without any precondition was disclosed unequivocally. Moreover, the confidentiality of information was guaranteed by all data collectors and investigators by using code numbers and locking the questionnaire.
Funding
No fund was obtained for this study.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- ANC
antenatal care
- PLF
prelacteal feeding
- SPSS
statistical package for social sciences
- WHO
World Health Organization
- IYCF
Infant and Young Child Feeding
- SD
Standard deviation
Contributor Information
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Amare Demsie Ayele, Email: amare.d6@gmail.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.