Table 6. Cardiopulmonary support with extracorporeal circuits (ECLS/ExCor systems) can involve VADs.
| Circuit type Observations |
N | VAD EV phenotype |
EV isolation technique | Detection technique | Population | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
LVAD HMII, HVAD no change in p-EVs |
3 females 17 males |
CD62p CD41 CD42 p-EVs |
PFA fixed PPP | Not disclosed | adult LVAD patients | [44] |
|
LVAD Ventrassist IRBP led to more l-EVs than Rotaflow CP |
15 samples | CD45 l-EVs | CPDA cow blood | EM FCM Imaging FCM |
in vitro | [37] |
|
LVAD Centrimag CP increases l-EVs |
15 samples | CD45 l-EVs | CDPA cow blood | FCM | in vitro | [3] |
|
LVAD HMII, Thoratec VAD Ventrassist, Circulite, ECMO increases p- and l-EVs |
3 females 9 males |
CD31 CD61 p-EVs CD11b l-EVs CD62e e-EVs |
citrated plasma 1550 g × 15 min |
FCM | adult LVAD patients | [42] |
|
LVAD HMII lower EVs after 3 months post-VAD |
5 females 25 males |
Annexin V EVs | not disclosed | ELISA Zymutest EV-activity test | adult LVAD patients | [40] |
|
LVAD HMII EVs higher in patients with adverse events |
17 patients | Annexin V EVs | not disclosed | FCM | adult LVAD patients | [56] |
|
LVAD HMII no differences in EV levels before and 3 months after LVAD insertion |
8 males | Annexin V EVs | not disclosed | ELISA Zymutest EV-activity test | adult LVAD patients | [39] |
|
LVAD HeartWare continuous flow elevated p-EVs after 1 year 4 patients had BiVAD |
3 females 25 males |
lactadherin CD41 p-EVs | citrated PPP | FCM | adult LVAD patients | [43] |
|
LVAD HMII continuous flow though not statistically significant lower EVs 3 months post-VAD which returned to baseline at 6 months post-VAD |
5 females 18 males |
Annexin V EVs | not disclosed | ELISA | adult LVAD patients | [41] |
|
LVAD HeartWare increased EVs with LVAD |
10 patients | CD41 Cd31 p-EVs CD45 l-EVs CD235 r-EVs CD62 CD144 e-EVs CD31 e-EVS |
citrated plasma 300 g × 15 min, 10000 g × 5 min twice, 30000 g × 90 min 4 ° C |
FCM ELISA |
adult LVAD patients | [38] |
CPDA: citrate phosphate dextrose adenine; e-EV: endothelial-EV; EM: electron microscopy; EV: extracellular vesicles; FCM: flow cytometry; HM: HeartMate; l-EV: leukocyte-EV; PFA: paraformaldehyde; p-EV: platelet-EV; PPP: platelet poor plasma; r-EV: red blood cell derived EV.