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Nucleotide modifications frequently used for gene silencing. Modifications of nucleotides mostly involve the 2′ position of the ribose sugar as shown here for 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE), 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe), and 2′-O, 4′-C-methylene linked bicyclic ribofuranosyl modification (locked nucleic acids, LNA). Also note the phosphorothioate (PS) linkages in all molecules, where a non-bridging oxygen is replaced by sulfur, increasing its resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
