Abstract
Background
Early initiation of breastfeeding, also known as early initiation, is the provision of a mothers own breast milk to her infant within one hour of birth. In Ethiopia, there is a considerable variation in the timely initiation of breastfeeding practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the level of timely initiation of breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers of infants less than six months old in Bahir Dar, Northwest, Ethiopia.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Bahir Dar City from April 15 to May 3, 2017. A total of 472 mothers of infant age less than six months were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were done to know the distribution of variables. To identify predictors logistic regression was conducted.
Results
The prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding was 356 (75.4%). Mothers who birth by a vaginal delivery (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 6.99; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 3.49, 14.00), mothers who gave birth at health institution (AOR 3.36; 95% CI 1.47, 7.67), and who get breastfeeding counseling during antenatal care visits (AOR 5.64; 95% CI 2.70, 11.79) were more likely to initiate breastfeeding within one hour than counterparts.
Conclusions
Practice of timely initiation of breastfeeding in this study was suboptimal. Mothers who delivered at the health institution, gave birth by a vaginal delivery, and who got breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits were the independent predictors of the timely initiation of breastfeeding practice. Encouraging all mothers to give birth in health facilities, counsel mothers to initiate breastfeeding timely at time of Caesarean sections, reduce the indication of the Caesarean procedure and providing breastfeeding counseling during antenatal care visits were recommended. Additionally, health services must establish practices that enable timely breastfeeding whenever possible, in particular, after Caesarean section and systems need to be set up to enable skin-to-skin and timely breastfeeding.
Keywords: Timely initiation breastfeeding, Infants less than six months, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Background
Breastfeeding is important for the growth and development of newborn babies by providing vital nutrients. World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hours of life and exclusive breastfeeding is enough, without any additional foods or drinks up to six months [1]. Breastfeeding helps to increase bonding between mother and infant, reduce infections like pneumonia and diarrhea, enhance growth and development of infants, and reduce the risk for obesity in later life [2].
Timely initiation of breastfeeding can help to prevent neonatal deaths caused by infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, and diarrhea. The study showed that when breastfeeding was initiated within the first hour, around 22% of neonatal mortality could be prevented [3].
Other studies were done on timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices in many parts of the world, including in Ethiopia. Based on Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 report, only 73% mothers started breastfeeding within one hour of birth [4]. Similarly, studies done in Motta town, Easten Gojjam zone 78.8%, Debre Birhan town 62.6% and Dembecha district 73.1% showed that infants started breastfeeding within one hour of birth respectively [5–7].
Studies done in Ethiopia showed that mothers when gave birth by traditional birth attendants, place of delivery was at home, didn’t provide colostrum within the first hour, had inadequate information regarding breastfeeding practice and prelacteal feeding, could have an influence on timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices [5, 8, 9]. In Ethiopia, there is a considerable variation of prevalence in timely initiation of breastfeeding practices and this has not achieved the plan set at Ethiopian Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP) IV, which is to increase in the proportion of timely initiation of breastfeeding to 92% by the end of 2015 [10]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers of infant age 0–6 months old in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study area and design
A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from April 15 to May 3, 2017. The study was conducted in Bahir Dar City, which is the capital city of Amhara, a national regional state, Ethiopia. It is 565 km away from Addis Ababa. The city has nine sub cities and with a total of 17 kebeles. The total population of Bahir Dar City was 308,877. Of this population 151,350 (49%) were males and 157,527 (51%) were females. The city has government and private health institutions. It has two government and private hospitals, and nine health centers.
Sampling size and sampling procedure
The sample size was calculated using single proportion formula with the assumption of 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, 82% proportion of timely initiated breastfeeding practice in Ambo [11] and using design effect of two, then 10% non-response rate was added and finally it became 499. Since it is multistage (among nine sub-cities, six sub-cities were selected and then kebeles in selected sub cities was selected by lottery methods). The total sample size was proportionally allocated in each selected kebeles. Simple random sampling i.e., lottery method was used to select study participants. Eligible mothers of having an infant less than six months old were traced from health extension workers. The actual age of the infants was determined by asking the mothers and reviewing the birth date certificate.
Data measures
An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed from reviewing from previous research done on a similar topic [4–7]. Data collectors and supervisors were trained on how to extract information from respondents, ethical aspects and ways of communication one-day training prior to study commencement.
Statistical analysis
The questionnaire was checked visually for completeness and coding was given at the right margin of the questionnaire. Data was entered into Epi info version 3.5.3 and exported to SPSS version 21.0 statistical software packages for analysis. Crude (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (ARO) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to determine the strength of association between a response variable and predictor variables. Variable with a p value less than 0.05 was declared as a level of significance.
Variables
Dependent variables
Timely initiation of breastfeeding practice.
Independent variables
Sociodemographic characteristics of mother’s i.e. income, education, religion, marital status, family type, age, ethnicity, occupation, information etc.
Healthcare service use by the mother’s e.g. number of antenatal visits, mode of delivery, place of delivery, breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits, prelacteal feeding, colostrum feeding etc.
Sociodemographic characteristics of infants i.e. gender of newborn etc.
Timely (early) initiation of a breastfeeding: a mother who put her baby to breast within one hour following delivery [5].
Prelacteal feeding: an infant within the first three days of life being fed something other than breast milk [5].
Colostrum feeding: mother provides the first breast milk which is thick, sticky and clear yellowish in color contains (maternal antibody, vitamin A, protein) to their infant within one hour [1].
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Among 499 eligible mothers, 472 were agreed to participate in this study, which made a response rate of 94.5%. Regarding infant gender, around 45.3% of children were males and 54.7% of children were females. The majority 261 (55.3%) of children were aged between four to six months. The mean age of mothers was 27.5 years, 163 (34.5%) were within the age group of 25–29 years. One hundred and eight (22.9%) mothers had attended primary education and 53.4% were housewife mothers. From 472 mothers, 298 (63.1%) were living in a nuclear family. The average house income of the respondents was 1750 Ethiopian birr per month and 59 (12.5%) respondents earn less than or equal to 1000 birr per month (Table 1).
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of mothers (respondents) who have infants less than six months old, in Bahir Dar town, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2017
| Variable | Category (n = 472) | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infant sex | Male | 214 | 45.3 |
| Female | 258 | 54.7 | |
| Infant age | 0–30 days | 71 | 15 |
| 31–90 days | 140 | 29.7 | |
| 91–180 days | 261 | 55.3 | |
| Age of mothers | 15–19 | 30 | 6.4 |
| 20–24 | 119 | 25.2 | |
| 25–29 | 163 | 34.5 | |
| 30–34 | 98 | 20.8 | |
| 35 and above | 62 | 13.1 | |
| Religion | Orthodox | 355 | 75.2 |
| Muslim | 94 | 20 | |
| Protestant | 12 | 2.5 | |
| Catholic | 11 | 2.3 | |
| Ethnicity | Amhara | 455 | 96.4 |
| Tigre | 6 | 1.3 | |
| Oromo | 6 | 1.3 | |
| Others | 5 | 1 | |
| Level of education of mothers | No education | 86 | 18.2 |
| Able to read & write | 55 | 11.7 | |
| Primary school (1–8) | 108 | 22.9 | |
| Secondary | 86 | 18.2 | |
| Higher | 137 | 29 | |
| Occupational status of mothers | Housewife | 252 | 53.4 |
| Governmental employee | 108 | 22.9 | |
| Private employee | 46 | 9.7 | |
| Merchant | 38 | 8.1 | |
| Daily labor | 28 | 5.9 | |
| Marital status of mother | single | 36 | 7.6 |
| Married | 409 | 86.7 | |
| Widowed | 6 | 1.3 | |
| Divorced | 21 | 4.4 | |
| Husband educational level (409) | No education | 30 | 7.3 |
| Able to read & write | 51 | 12.5 | |
| Primary school (1–8) | 103 | 25.1 | |
| Secondary | 85 | 20.80 | |
| Higher | 140 | 34.3 | |
| Husband occupation (409) | Gov.t employee | 118 | 28.9 |
| Private employee | 77 | 18.8 | |
| Merchant | 116 | 28.4 | |
| Daily labor | 64 | 15.6 | |
| Farmer & driver | 34 | 8.3 | |
| Type of family | Nuclear family | 298 | 63.1 |
| Extended family | 174 | 36.9 | |
| Household income | ≤ 1000 | 59 | 12.5 |
| 1001–2000 | 160 | 33.9 | |
| 2001–3000 | 62 | 13.1 | |
| > 3000 | 191 | 40.5 |
Breastfeeding related practices
All mothers have breastfed their current infant for a period of time. From a total of 472 mothers, 356 (75.4%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Most mothers 396 (83.9%) fed colostrum/first milk to their newborn. The majority, 74.6% did not give a prelacteal food other than breast milk within three days of an infant life. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice one day before the survey was 86.4% (Table 2).
Table 2.
Breastfeeding and related practice among mothers who have an infant less than six months in Bahir Dar City, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2017
| Variable | Category | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal visits | Yes | 370 | 78.4 |
| No | 102 | 21.6 | |
| Number of antenatal visits (370) | ≤ 3 | 219 | 59 |
| ≥ 4 | 151 | 41 | |
| Breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits (370) | Yes | 203 | 54.9 |
| No | 167 | 45.1 | |
| Place of delivery | Home | 119 | 25.2 |
| Health institution | 353 | 74.8 | |
| Mode of delivery | Vaginal | 287 | 60.8 |
| Caesarean section | 185 | 39.2 | |
| Breastfeeding experience of current infant | Yes | 461 | 97.7 |
| No | 11 | 2.3 | |
| Timely initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h | yes | 356 | 75.4 |
| No | 116 | 24.6 | |
| Colostrum feeding | Yes | 396 | 83.9 |
| No | 76 | 16.1 | |
| Prelacteal feeding | Yes | 120 | 25.4 |
| No | 352 | 74.6 | |
| Infant feeding in the previous 24 h. | Exclusively BF | 408 | 86.4 |
| In addition to breast milk water, sugar solution, tea, soft foods. | 64 | 13.6 | |
| Reasons for not exclusively BF (64) | Not sufficient for infant | 19 | 29.7 |
| culture/tradition | 17 | 26.7 | |
| Lack of time | 12 | 18.7 | |
| Maternal illness | 9 | 14.1 | |
| Infant becomes thirsty | 5 | 7.8 | |
| Nipple breast problem | 2 | 3 |
Factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeed practice
First variables tested by using bivariate analysis and in bivariate analysis variables with (p < 0.05) is considered into multivariate logistic regression analysis:
In bivariate analysis the factors found to be associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour were; place of delivery, mode of delivery, occupational status, mother’s educational status, maternal age and breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits.
Finally, mode of delivery, place of delivery, and counseling of breastfeeding during antenatal visits were identified as predictor variables in multivariate analysis.
Mode of delivery were significantly associated with timely initiating of breastfeeding. The odds of timely initiation were 6.9 times higher for women giving birth vaginally than those who had a caesarian section (AOR 6.9, 95% CI 3.49, 14.00).
Place of delivery was significantly associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding practices. Mothers who give birth at a health institution were 3.4 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding within one hour than mothers who delivered at home (AOR 3.36, 95% CI 1.47, 7.67).
Counseling of mothers during antenatal care visits was significantly associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding. Mothers who were counseled during antenatal visits were 5.6 times more likely to initiate breast milk within one hour than mothers who had not counseled during antenatal visits (AOR 5.64, 95% CI 2.70, 11.79) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Factors that affect timely initiation of breastfeeding practice among mothers of infants aged less than 6 months using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2017
| Variables | Timely initiation of breastfeeding | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Place of delivery | Home | 79 (66.4) | 40 (33.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Health institution | 276 (78.2) | 77 (21.8) | 1.81 (1.019,2.681) | 3.36 (1.476, 7.672)* | |
| Mode of delivery | Vaginal delivery | 225 (78.4) | 62 (21.6) | 1.46 (1.041, 2.522) | 6.99 (3.496, 14.007)* |
| Caesarean section | 132 (71.4) | 53 (28.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| Occupational status | Unemployed | 209 (82.9) | 43 (17.1) | 2.4 1 (1.272, 3.095) | 2.26 (0.998, 4.310) |
| Employed | 147 (71) | 73 (29) | 1 | 1 | |
| Mother’s educational status | Uneducated | 99 (70.2) | 42 (29.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Educated | 257 (77.6) | 74 (22.4) | 1.47 (1.041, 2.609) | 1.91 (0993, 3.708) | |
| Maternal age | 15-29 yrs | 220 (70.5) | 92 (29.5) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 30 yrs | 130 (81.2) | 30 (18.8) | 1.81 (1.168, 3.014) | 1.49 (0.764, 2.926) | |
| Breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visit | Yes | 176 (86.7) | 27 (13.3) | 1.85 (1.069, 3.187) | 5.64 (2.702, 11.798)* |
| No | 130 (77.8) | 37 (22.2) | 1 | 1 | |
1 = reference * = p - value less than 0.05 n = number % = percent
Discussion
Timely initiation of breastfeeding is vital for the survival of infants. In spite of this importance, the practice of timely initiation of breastfeeding in the study area was not satisfactory. Only 75.4% of mothers initiated timely breast milk, which is lower than the Ethiopian HSDP IV target level; to increase breastfeeding within the first hour of life from 52.1 to 92% by 2015 [10]. This rate in the southern part of Ethiopia is 83.7% [12, 13]. This finding is comparable with studies done in Motta (78.8%) [5], Bangladesh 71% [14], EDHS 73% [4] and Dembecha district, 73.1% [7]. However, this finding is higher than studies done in Arba Minch 57.6% [15], Tanzania 51% [16], and Bangladesh 67.3% [17]. The difference may be due to maternal sociodemographic characteristics like i.e. access to information, socio-economic status, infrastructure, educational status, cross cultural difference in breastfeeding practice, and health service utilization characteristics.
Place of delivery was significantly associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding in the study area. A mother who gave birth at a health institution was 3.4 times more likely to initiate timely breastfeeding than when delivered at home. This finding is similar to a study done in Motta [5], Debre Birhan [6], Bangladesh [17], Axum [9], Uganda [18] and Nepal [19]. Mothers who delivered at a health institution may be supported and made aware of importance of early initiation of breastfeeding, and also health professionals tend to facilitate early initiation of breastfeeding compared to those who gave birth at home. Another possible explanation is mothers who delivered at home more commonly practiced prelacteal feeding and this may lead to a delay in initiation of breastfeeding which is supported by research done in Ethiopia, which revealed that mothers who gave birth at home were more likely to practice prelacteal feeding than their counterparts [8, 20]. Therefore, counseling of mothers about the place of delivery during the antenatal visit, to give birth at a health institution, is crucial to optimize early initiation of breastfeeding.
Modes of delivery were also significantly associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding. A mother who gave birth via vaginal delivery was around seven times more likely to initiate breastfeeding within one hour than those gave birth via cesarean section. This finding is in line with studies done in Motta [5] and a systematic review done of Medline LILACS Scopus and Web of Science electronic databases [21]. This may be due to the procedure taking longer, pain after procedure, effects of anesthesia and tiredness that make it difficult to initiate breastfeeding early. It may be also health professionals may be busy with lifesaving activities and lack attention to initiate breastfeeding early. Therefore, health professionals and pregnant mothers could be informed about the negative association between a caesarian delivery and breastfeeding and its impact on infant wellbeing, as well as changing hospital policies and practices which are also necessary.
In this study, mothers who were counseled during antenatal visits were 5.6 times more likely to initiate timely breastfeeding than those who were not counseled during antenatal visits. This finding is consistent with studies done in Ethiopia; Motta [5], Raya Kobo [8], and Axum [9]. This may be due to mothers who had antenatal visits receive enough information about the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding and have also adequate knowledge about breastfeeding, which may lead to early initiation of breastfeeding compared to counterparts.
Conclusion
Prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding in the study area was lower than the national recommended level. Place of delivery, mode of delivery and breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits were the determinant factors for timely initiation of breastfeeding practices. Community based breastfeeding education about timely initiation of breastfeeding to pregnant women, encouraging all mothers to give birth in health facilities, counseling mothers to initiate breastfeeding timely at the time of caesarian sections and providing breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits are recommended to increase timely initiation of breastfeeding. Additionally, health services must establish practices that enable timely breastfeeding whenever possible, particularly after Caesarean a section and systems need to be set up to enable skin-to-skin and timely breastfeeding.
Acknowledgments
This study received financial support from Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Nursing. My thanks also go to librarian staff and study participants for their cooperation during the study. Finally, my gratitude also goes to data collectors and students.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data of this study cannot be shared publically due to the presence of confidential issues of the study participant’s information.
Abbreviations
- ANC
Antenatal care service
- C/S
Caesarean section
- EBF
Exclusive Breast Feeding
- EDHS
Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
- HSDP
Health sector development plan
- WHO
World Health Organization
Author’s contribution
AB contributed to the design, collected, analyzed, interpreted data, drafted the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version for submission.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval of the study was obtained from Bahir Dar University, college of medicine and health science department of nursing ethical review committee. The ethical letter was submitted to Bahir Dar health bureau and permission was obtained to conduct the study. To ensure confidentiality of patient’s information was kept and was not exposed to third body.
Consent for publication
It is not applicable.
Competing interests
The author declares that he/she has no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The data of this study cannot be shared publically due to the presence of confidential issues of the study participant’s information.