Abstract
Objective
In Ethiopia, only 51% of the infants start complementary feeding on time. Therefore this study is aimed to determine the time to initiate complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers with children aged 6–24 months in Tahtay Maichew district, northern Ethiopia. A retrospective follow up study was conducted among 639 mothers who had children aged 6–24 months. Bi-variable and multi-variable Cox regressions were conducted and statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05 and 95% confidence level.
Results
The median age for the initiation into complementary feeding was 6.00 months. Being government employee [AHR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.10–2.53], having educated husband [AHR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.22–3.86], birth preparedness [AHR = 3.74, 95% CI 1.49–9.94], growth monitoring [AHR = 5.79, 95% CI 2.60–12.88], ability to know exact time to introduce complementary feeding [AHR = 4.93, 95% CI 1.94–12.50], and paternal support [AHR = 4.99, 95% CI 2.02–12.34] were significantly associated with the time to initiate into complementary feeding. Therefore, establishing breast feeding centres at work place and extending maternity leave for reasonable months are important to improve timely initiation into complementary feeding.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4061-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Time to initiate, Complementary feeding, Children age 6–24 months
Introduction
Adequate nutrition from birth to 2 years of age is a critical window for the promotion of optimal growth, health, and behavioural development [1]. For an optimal growth of an infant, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months and the introduction of complementary feeding (CF) at the age of 6 months [2].
Adherence to infant feeding recommendations is particularly important in low-income countries. In areas with poor food or water hygiene, early introduction of complementary foods is associated with increased morbidity from diarrheal diseases and the development of malnutrition [3–5]. Too long delay in introducing appropriate complementary foods may, however, lead to nutritional deficiencies of iron, zinc, calcium, sometimes vitamin A, and riboflavin because of the relatively low density of these nutrients in breast milk 6–9 months after birth [6]. Many Studies conducted in different part of the world indicated the many children did not start complementary feeding at the right time. Early introduction of CF is a common problem [7–10].
The case in Ethiopia is not different from the others. Despite, the fact that the government had been taking many measures including development of the national Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) strategy, only 51% of the infants are initiated into CF on time [11–13].
Studies suggest that many possible factors were associated with the time to initiate CF including mothers’ educational status, fathers’ occupation, fathers’ educational status, husband support, place of delivery, having ANC and PNC, sex of the child [11, 14–16], birth preparedness [14], birth order [17, 18] mothers access to newspapers, radio or television [5, 17, 19] having growth monitoring [20] and ability to know the exact time to introduce CF [5, 20–26].
Despite, numerous studies on CF practices and associated factors in many parts of the country they limited themselves to whether mothers introduced complementary feeding on time or not and failed to determine the median time for introducing complementary feeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the time to initiate complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers with aged 6–24 months in Tahtay Maichew district.
Main text
Methods
Study design and setting
A retrospective follow up study was conducted from February 15, to March 15, 2016. The study was conducted in Tahtay Maichew district which is found in northern Ethiopia 1041 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia.
Study population
All mothers having children 6–24 months age were the source population.
Sample size and sampling technique
The sample size was calculated using the double population proportion formula with the following assumptions: 95% confidence level, 80% power, ratio of non-exposed to exposed 1, outcome variable among non exposed 20.9% and calculated using Epi Info7 [21]. The sample size was 639 after considering 10% non-response rate and 1.5 design effect. The sample was obtained using the systematic multi-stage sampling technique.
Study variables and their measurement
The event in this study was initiation of complementary feeding coded as one otherwise as zero. The time variable in this study was time from birth to initiation complementary feeding. Factors included in the model as an independent variables were: Socio demographic and economic factors, knowledge and practice related factors and reproductive and health service utilization related factors.
Operational definitions
Time to initiate CF: the time at which the mother starts giving the child either solid, semisolid or liquids other than breast milk or formula feeding.
Ability to know the time to initiate CF: a mother answers that the time to initiate CF is exactly at 06 months or 180 days after birth.
Data processing and analysis
Data were collected using pre-tested and interviewer-administered sets of questionnaire. The collected data were checked for completeness and consistency and then, entered into Epi Info7. The entered data were exported to STATA version 11 for analysis.
Life table was constructed to estimate the probabilities of initiation of CF over time. Kaplan–Meier survival curve together with log-rank test was fitted to test for the presence of difference in time into initiation of CF between categorical variables. Before the inclusion of predictors to the multivariable Cox regression analysis, fulfillment of the model assumption was checked using the goodness-of-fit test.
Both bi-variable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify factors that affected the time to initiate complementary feeding. Variables with a P-value of ≤ 0.05 in multivariable Cox regression analysis were considered as factors associated with the time to initiate into complementary feeding at a 95% confidence level.
Results
Socio-demographic, reproductive health and health service utilization characteristics of mothers
Out of 639 participants included in the study only 633 participants provide a complete response with response rate of 99%. The median age of the mothers, with inter quartile range was 27 and 9 years, respectively. The lowest and highest age was ranged from 16 to 47 years. The median ages of the children were 12 months. Five hundred eighty-six (92.58%) of mothers were married and 58.77% of mothers were farmers. Five hundred seventy (90.05%), 61.77%, and 69.04% of the mothers had one or more ANC, PNC, and growth monitoring follow up, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1.
Socio-demographic, reproductive health and health service utilization characteristics of mothers with children aged 6–24 months in Tahtay Maichew district, northern Ethiopia, 2016, [N = 633]
| Variable | Category | Number | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residence | Rural | 501 | 79.15 |
| Urban | 132 | 20.85 | |
| Age of the mother (in years) | 15–24 | 241 | 38.07 |
| 25–34 | 284 | 44.87 | |
| 35–44 | 99 | 15.64 | |
| 45 and above | 09 | 1.42 | |
| Religion | Orthodox | 580 | 91.63 |
| Muslim | 53 | 8.37 | |
| Marital status | Married | 586 | 92.58 |
| Divorced | 25 | 3.95 | |
| Separated | 17 | 2.69 | |
| Widowed | 5 | 0.79 | |
| Maternal education | No formal education | 226 | 35.70 |
| Primary school (1–8) | 281 | 44.39 | |
| High school (9–12) | 100 | 15.80 | |
| Diploma and above | 26 | 4.11 | |
| Husband’s education | No formal education | 223 | 35.51 |
| Primary school (1–8) | 216 | 34.39 | |
| High school (9–12) | 137 | 21.82 | |
| Diploma and above | 52 | 8.28 | |
| Mothers employment | Farmer | 372 | 58.78 |
| House wife | 185 | 29.23 | |
| Private | 41 | 6.48 | |
| Government | 35 | 5.53 | |
| Husbands employment | Farmer | 378 | 61.62 |
| Private | 129 | 20.54 | |
| Government | 61 | 9.71 | |
| Daily laborer | 51 | 8.12 | |
| Wealth index | Poor | 211 | 33.33 |
| Medium | 214 | 33.81 | |
| Rich | 208 | 32.86 | |
| Sex of index child | Male | 336 | 53.08 |
| Female | 297 | 46.92 | |
| Age of index child (in months) | 6–12 | 360 | 56.87 |
| 13–18 | 140 | 22.12 | |
| 19–23 | 133 | 21.01 | |
| ANC follow up | Yes | 570 | 90.05 |
| No | 63 | 9.95 | |
| Birth preparedness | Yes | 579 | 91.48 |
| No | 54 | 8.52 | |
| Place of delivery | Health facility | 558 | 88.15 |
| Home | 75 | 11.85 | |
| Mode of delivery | Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 610 | 96.37 |
| Cesarean section | 23 | 3.63 | |
| PNC follow up | Yes | 391 | 61.77 |
| No | 242 | 38.23 | |
| Counseling during ANC or PNC | yes | 518 | 81.83 |
| No | 115 | 18.17 | |
| Current contraceptive use | Yes | 426 | 67.3 |
| No | 207 | 32.7 | |
| Growth monitoring | Yes | 437 | 69.04 |
| No | 196 | 30.96 |
Knowledge and practice related characteristics of mothers
Three hundred eighty-two (60.35%). of the mothers knew the exact time to initiate complementary feeding. Four hundred fifty-six (72.2%) mothers started complementary feeding for their index children with cereal based foods, and 73.46% used cup and spoon for feeding.
Time to initiate into complementary feeding
The participants were assessed retrospectively for 3794 person-months. The overall incidence density of complementary feeding was 156.56 per 1000 persons-months. The median time for the initiation into complementary feeding was 6.00 [95% CI 5.94–6.05] months. About 30.17% [95% CI 26.56–33.75], 53.40% [95% CI 49.49–57.29], and 16.42% [95% CI 13.53–19.32] started complementary feeding early, on time, and late, respectively.
Factors associated with time to initiate into complementary feeding
In the multi-variable Cox regression analysis maternal employment (being government employed [AHR = 1.67]), having formally educated husband [AHR = 2.08], birth preparedness [AHR = 3.74], growth monitoring status [AHR = 5.79], ability to know the exact time to introduce into complementary feeding [AHR = 4.93], and husband support [AHR = 4.99] were significantly associated with the time to initiate CF.
Specifically, the hazard of introducing CF among government employed mothers was 1.67 times higher as compared with housewives [AHR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.10–3.53]. Such hazard was 2.09 times higher among mothers whose husbands had no formal education when compared to mothers whose husbands had primary and above education [AHR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.22–3.86]. The risk of introducing CF among mothers who did not have birth preparedness was 3.74 times higher than their counter parts [AHR = 3.74, 95% CI 1.49–9.94].
The risk of introducing CF among mothers who did not take their children for growth monitoring was 5.79 times higher as compared to mothers who took their children for growth monitoring [AHR = 5.79, 95% CI 2.60–12.88]. Such risk was 4.93 times higher among mothers who did not know the exact time to introduce CF as compared to mothers who knew the exact time to introduce CF [AHR = 4.93, 95% CI 1.94–12.50]. Among mothers who did not have husband support during child feeding, the hazard was 4.99 times higher compared to mothers who had husband support on child feeding [AHR = 4.99 95% CI 2.02–12.34] (Table 2 and Fig. 1).
Table 2.
Bi-variable and multivariable Cox regression of variable associated with the time to initiate into complementary feeding among mothers who have index children aged 6–24 months, in Tahtay Maichew district, northern Ethiopia, 2016 (N = 633)
| Variable | Start CF | CHR (95% CI) | AHR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | No (%) | |||
| Maternal employment | ||||
| House wife | 172 (92.97) | 13 (7.03) | 1 | 1 |
| Government employment | 34 (97.14) | 1 (2.86) | 1.22 (0.85–1.77) | 1.67 (1.10–2.53)* |
| Private | 34 (82.93) | 7 (17.07) | 0.76 (0.52–1.09) | 1.255 (0.76–2.08) |
| Farmer | 354 (95.16) | 18 (4.84) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 1.64 (0.82–3.23) |
| Husbands education | ||||
| No formal education | 210 (94.17) | 13 (5.83) | 1.30 (1.10–1.538) | 2.08 (1.22–3.86)* |
| Primary education and above | 379 (93.58) | 26 (6.42) | 1 | 1 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 195 (92.42) | 16 (7.58) | 1 | 1 |
| Medium | 199 (92.99) | 15 (7.01) | 1.06 (0.87–1.30) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) |
| Rich | 200 (96.15 | 8 (3.85) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) |
| ANC follow up | ||||
| Yes | 537 (94.21) | 33 (5.79) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 57 (90.48) | 6 (9.52) | 2.15 (1.63–2.84) | 1.58 (0.60–4.21) |
| Birth preparedness | ||||
| Yes | 541 (93.92) | 35 (6.06) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 53 (92.98) | 4 (7.02) | 2.20 (1.58–2.80) | 3.74 (1.49–9.39)* |
| PNC follow up | ||||
| Yes | 365 (93.35) | 26 (6.65) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 229 (94.63 | 13 (5.37) | 1.49 (1.27–1.76) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) |
| Getting counseling at ANC/PNC | ||||
| Yes | 484 (93.44) | 34 (6.56) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 110 (95.65) | 5 (4.35) | 1.87 (1.51–2.30) | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) |
| Contraceptive use | ||||
| Yes | 401 (94.13) | 25 (5.87) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 193 (93.24) | 14 (6.76) | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) |
| Growth monitoring | ||||
| Yes | 410 (94.04) | 26 (5.96) | 1 | |
| No | 184 (93.40) | 13 (6.60) | 1.55 (1.46–2.07) | 5.79 (2.60–12.88)** |
| Ever heard about time to start CF before | ||||
| Yes | 478 (93.00) | 36 (7.00) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 116 (97.48) | 3 (2.52) | 1.99 (1.62–2.45) | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) |
| Ability to know the exact time to start CF | ||||
| Yes | 354 (92.67) | 28 (7.33) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 240 (93.84) | 11 (6.16) | 1.96 (1.65–2.32) | 4.93 (1.94–12.50)* |
| Husband support | ||||
| Yes | 443 (93.46) | 31 (6.54) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 151 (98.05) | 3 (1.95) | 2.79 (2.31–3.38) | 4.99 (2.02–12.34)** |
* P value < 0.05, ** P value < 0.001, 1 reference group
Fig. 1.
Kaplan–Meier survival plot of factors associated with time to initiate into complementary feeding among mothers with children 6–24 months in Tahtay Maichew district, North Ethiopia
Discussion
This study showed that the median age to initiate into CF was 6.00 months. Being government employee, husbands’ educational status, birth preparedness, growth monitoring, ability to know the exact time to introduce complementary feeding, and husband support were factors significantly associated with the time to initiate into CF.
The median age in this study is in line the study in Mekele town (6.00 months) and World Health Organization recommendation [2, 14], but it is slightly higher compared to the findings of studies in China and the United Kingdom [5, 11]. Compared to the findings of studies in Malawi and Nairobi ours was found to be higher [12, 13]. The extended timing to initiate into CF in the study area can be explained by the expansion of the Health Extension Program and the deployment of health development army in the study area.
Government employed mothers were 1.67 times at higher hazard of introducing CF as compared to that of housewives. Supportive findings were reported from China [11], West African countries [20], Kamba district [21], Bishoftu town [22], Gondar town [23], and Mekele town [14]. This may be due to government employed mothers couldn’t get enough time to frequently breastfeed their children.
Husband educational status was found a factor that affects the time to initiate CF. Similar finding was reported in Aksum [16], Harar [15] and Kenya [13]. This is due to the fact that education is believed to enable husbands to understand their wives and provide support to keep the child healthy, and this can help mothers to delay early weaning.
Mothers who did not have birth preparedness were at 3.74 times at risk of of introducing CF compared to their counter parts. Consistent finding was found in a study in Mekele town [14]. This can be due to the arrangement of conditions made before birth may help mothers to exclusively breastfeed their children and prevent early weaning.
Growth monitoring follow up was found a factor that affect the time to initiate CF. Supportive finding was found in Kamba district, southern Ethiopia [21]. This can be explained by mothers who get advice and health education during growth monitoring can exert a positive impact on delaying early weaning.
Mothers who did not know the exact time to introduce CF were 4.93 times at more hazard of introducing CF as compared to mothers who knew the exact time to introduce complementary feeding. Similar result was found in India [26], United Kingdom [5], West Africa [24], Bishoftu town [22], Jimma [25] Gondar town [23] and Kamba district [21]. This can be explained on the ground that the right knowledge can inspire mothers to start complementary feeding at the appropriate time.
Husband support during child feeding was found a factor that affect the time to initiate CF. this result is similar to those of studies conducted in Harar and Aksum towns [15, 16]. This can be due to mothers who get husband support during child feeding can get enough time to exclusively breastfeed their children and delay weaning.
Conclusions
The median time to initiate CF was 6.00 months. The proportion of mothers who initiated into complementary feeding on time was 53.40%. Time to initiate into CF was affected by maternal employment, husbands educational status, birth preparedness, growth monitoring, ability to know the exact time to introduce complementary feeding, and husband support. Therefore establishing baby centres in government institutions, extending maternity leaves for reasonable months and focusing on parents with no formal education are important to improve timely initiation into CF.
Limitations of the study
Due to retrospective nature of the study there might be a recall bias.
Additional files
Additional file 1. Survival data set with minimal data.
Authors’ contributions
EB designed the study, involved in proposal development, supervised data collection, and participated in data analysis and interpretation of the data. AS and MG assisted in the design of the study, proposal writing, data analysis, and interpretation of the study. All authors were responsible for data collection, initial analysis and drafting of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Our special thanks and sincere appreciation go to the University of Gondar for providing the opportunity to conduct this study. We are highly indebted to extend our thanks to Tahtay Maichew District Health Office, all study participants, data collectors and supervisors.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
All necessary minimal data is within the manuscript (Additional file 1).
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was reviewed and approved with a protocol number of Ref No./IPH/2853/2016 by the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, the University of Gondar. Formal letter was obtained from Tahtay Maichew district health office. The purpose, nature, and the importance of the study were explained and verbal informed consent was obtained from each participant. Since the study was conducted in rural area, majority of the participants were assumed to be non-educated; therefore, verbal consent was taken. Informed consent was taken from mothers or care givers only and no minors were participated in the study. The minimum maternal age was 16 years. Confidentiality of the information was assured by using anonymous questionnaire and by keeping the data in a secured place.
Funding
Not applicable.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- AHR
adjusted hazard ratio
- CF
complementary feeding
- CHR
crude hazard ratio
- COR
crude odds ratio
- EDHS
Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
- IYCF
infant and young child feeding
- SVD
spontaneous vaginal delivery
- VIF
variance inflation factor
- WHO
World Health Organization
Contributor Information
Ermyas Brhane Reda, Email: ermiyasbr@gmail.com.
Alemayehu Shimeka Teferra, Email: alemayehushimeka@gmail.com.
Measho Gebreslassie Gebregziabher, Email: measho2013@gmail.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Additional file 1. Survival data set with minimal data.
Data Availability Statement
All necessary minimal data is within the manuscript (Additional file 1).