Table 2.
Assessment of Diagnostic Validity of Each Clinical Tool
| Diagnostic Tools | Se % (95% CI) | Sp % (95% CI) | LR+ (95% CI) | LR– (95% CI) | PPV % (95% CI) | NPV % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO pneumonia | 66.3 (59.1-73.0) | 52.7 (48.7-56.6) | 1.40 (1.23-1.60) | 0.64 (0.52-0.79) | 29.4 (25.1-33.9) | 84.0 (80.1-87.5) |
| Auscultation findings | ||||||
| Presence of crackles | 75.3 (68.5-81.2) | 53.0 (49.0-56.9) | 1.60 (1.43-1.80) | 0.47 (0.36-0.60) | 32.2 (27.9-36.8) | 87.8 (84.1-90.9) |
| Absence of wheezes | 64.2 (57.0-71.0) | 47.3 (43.4-51.3) | 1.22 (1.07-1.39) | 0.76 (0.61-0.93) | 26.6 (22.6-30.9) | 81.7 (77.4-85.5) |
| Decreased breath sounds | 23.2 (17.4-29.8) | 91.6 (89.1-93.6) | 2.74 (1.91-3.95) | 0.84 (0.77-0.91) | 44.9 (34.8-55.3) | 80.1 (77.0-82.9) |
| Oxyhemoglobin saturation ≤ 95% | 9.5 (5.7-14.6) | 91.4 (89.0-93.5) | 1.10 (0.66-1.83) | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | 24.7 (15.3-36.1) | 77.3 (74.1-80.2) |
| Oxyhemoglobin saturation ≤ 92% | 40.0 (33.0-47.3) | 71.6 (67.9-75.0) | 1.41 (1.14-1.74) | 0.84 (0.74-0.95) | 29.5 (24.0-35.4) | 80.1 (76.6-83.3) |
| Consolidation on lung ultrasound | 55.3 (47.9-62.5) | 95.0 (93.0-96.6) | 11.05 (7.70-15.9) | 0.47 (0.40-0.55) | 76.6 (68.7-83.4) | 87.7 (85.1-90.1) |
LR+ = positive likelihood ratio, LR– = negative likelihood ratio; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value; Se = sensitivity; Sp = specificity; WHO = World Health Organization.