Correlation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway with proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cells

Abstract

The role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway in the proliferation and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells was studied. The transduction process of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) inhibitor U0126. Promoting effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on proliferation of human colon cancer cells was detected via Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), the cycle and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells were detected via flow cytometry, and the migration of human colon cancer cells was detected via wound healing assay. The results revealed that after drug treatment for 48 h, there were statistically significant differences in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 experimental group compared with control group (P<0.05). Compared with those in control group, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and proliferation index (PI) in 2, 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group had statistically significant differences (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in comparison of G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and PI between control and 8 µmol/l U0126 group (P<0.05). Compared with that in control group, the cell migration distance in 8 µmol/l U0126 group had a statistically significant difference after drug treatment for 24 h (P<0.05). After drug treatment for 48 and 72 h, the cell migration distance in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group was significantly reduced, and the differences were statistically significant compared with that in control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the effects of HGF of promoting proliferation and regulating cell cycle and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells, providing a new approach for the treatment of colon cancer.

Introduction

Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor in the digestive system. In recent years, the incidence rate of colon cancer has gradually increased and the 5-year survival rate is still not high. Patients with colon cancer often die of tumor recurrence and metastasis (1). At present, the mechanisms of occurrence and development of colon cancerare not completely understood. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a factor in vivo with multiple biological functions, which strongly promotes cell division, inducing epithelial cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis in vivo (2,3). Setia et al (4) found that the HGF expression is significantly increased in patients with colon cancer, and it is even higher in patients complicated with metastasis, so it is believed that HGF is involved in growth and metastasis processes of colon cancer. HGF can bind to c-methionine (c-Met) receptor and activates its activity, thus resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrate proteins, including phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT/PKB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Grb2-associated binder-1 (Gab1) (5,6). MAPK participates in the physiological functions of various cells in vivo, including in proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation (7). In this study, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) inhibitor U0126 was used to inhibit the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK signal transduction pathway, so as to explore the roles of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in the effects of HGF on promoting proliferation, and regulating cycle and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells to find new therapeutic approaches of colon cancer.

Materials and methods

Materials

Human colon cancer SW620 cells were purchased from Beijing Beina Chuanglian Biotechnology Research Institute (cat. no. BNCC337664, Beijing, China). Cells were cultured using Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium and 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in an incubator with 5% CO₂ at 37°C. Cells were cryopreserved using basal medium, 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 15% FBS, and those in logarithmic growth phase were used for subsequent experiments.

Reagents: Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences; Logan, UT, USA), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Beyotime, Shanghai, China), FBS, 0.25% trypsin (both from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8; Shanghai Yubo Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kits, polyclonal antibodies (all from BD Pharmingen; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and MAPK MEK1/2 efficient selective inhibitor U0126 (Shanghai Yeasen Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China).

Methods

Detection of effect of U0126 on SW620 cell proliferation via CCK8

In this experiment, cells were divided into seven groups, including five experimental groups (U0126: 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 µmol/l, respectively + HGF), the control group (+ HGF) and the DMSO group. Each group had five repeated wells, and HGF was added into each group after cell culture for 30 min and after culture for another 48 h, 10 µl CCK8 reagent was dropwise added into each well, followed by incubation in the dark for 2 h. The optical density (OD) value of each well was detected using a Sunrise microplate reader (Tecan Group, Ltd., Mannedorf, Switzerland) at a wavelength of 570 nm. Inhibition rate = (OD_{control group} - OD_{U0126 group})/OD_{control group} ×100%.

Detection of cell cycle and apoptosis via flow cytometry

Cells were cultured, collected, and fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h. The fixing solution was removed before use, and cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The cell density was adjusted to 1.0×10⁶/ml. A total of 0.1 ml cell suspension was taken, added with 1 ml propidium iodide dye liquor for staining in the dark at 4°C for half an hour and filtered. The cell cycle and apoptosis were detected on the flow cytometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Multicycle AV software (De Novo Software, Glendale, CA, USA) was used to analyze the DNA cell cycle, and the distribution percentage of each time phase in DNA histogram was calculated. The cell proliferative activity was presented as proliferation index (PI): PI = (S + G2/M)/(G0/G1 + S + G2/M) ×100%.

Detection of cell migration via wound healing assay

Cells were inoculated and cultured at a density of 2×10⁶/well. After 8 h, the culture plate was scratched vertically using a spearhead, 6 scratches/well. After the plate was washed with PBS, complete medium was added into control group, 0.1% DMSO was added into DMSO group, and 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 was added into experimental group. After half an hour, 20 ng/l HGF was added, and cell growth (0 h) was observed under a light microscope (×100) (Nikon Instrument Inc., NY, USA). The width of 3 scratches was measured using Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA), and cells continued to be cultured. After 24 h, the complete medium was replaced, each group was added with the above-mentioned corresponding reagents, and cell migration distance was observed and measured under the light microscope: Migration distance (d) = (scratch width at 0 h - scratch width at 24 h)/2. Cells continued to be cultured, the complete medium was replaced after 48 h, and cell migration distance was observed and measured under the light microscope: Migration distance (d) = (scratch width at 0 h - scratch width at 48 h)/2. Cells continued to be cultured until 72 h. Inhibition rate of migration distance = (d_{control group} - d_{U0126 group})/d_{control group} ×100%.

Statistical analysis

Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 20.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for quantitative data, and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK)-q test was used for multiple comparisons as a post hoc test. α=0.05 indicated the inspection level.

Results

Detection of colon cancer cell proliferation via CCK8

After drug treatment for 48 h, there were statistically significant differences in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 experimental group compared with control group (P<0.05). The inhibition rate had no significant difference between 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 in experimental group (P>0.05) (Table I and Fig. 1).

Table I.

Inhibition rate of U0126 on colon cancer cell proliferation.

Variables	OD	Inhibition rate (%)
Control	0.16121±0.021294	–
DMSO	0.15374±0.013859a	–
0.5 µmol/l U0126	0.15194±0.014857a	–
1 µmol/l U0126	0.14982±0.020958a	–
2 µmol/l U0126	0.13957±0.031857a	–
4 µmol/l U0126	0.12194±0.015392b	24.7
8 µmol/l U0126	0.11482±0.005928b,c	28.9

^aP>0.05

^bP<0.05 vs. control group.

^cP>0.05 vs. 4 µmol/l U0126 group. OD, optical density; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 1.

Inhibition rate of U0126 on colon cancer cell proliferation. *P>0.05 and ^#P<0.05, compared to control group; **P>0.05, compared with 4 µmol/l U0126 group.

Detection of cell cycle and apoptosis via flow cytometry

Compared with those in control group, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and PI in 2, 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group had statistically significant differences (P<0.05). G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and PI in control and 8 µmol/l U0126 group were 51.05±8.59 vs. 80.14±5.27%, 36.28±9.42 vs. 12.44±4.26%, 12.39±15.37 vs. 7.15±2.74%, and 48.03±8.21 vs. 20.57±5.07%, respectively, and differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) (Table II, Fig. 2).

Table II.

Cell cycle and apoptosis (mean ±SD).

Variables	G1	S	G2	PI	Apoptosis
Control	51.05±8.59	36.28±9.42	12.39±15.37	48.03±8.21	0.94±0.13
0.5 µmol/l U0126	57.13±7.02b	31.98±5.38b	10.35±10.48b	44.32±7.41b	1.17±0.36b
1 µmol/l U0126	62.77±3.84b	28.13±3.06b	9.04±2.14b	37.46±3.77b	1.03±0.11b
2 µmol/l U0126	68.02±6.62a	22.17±4.18a	10.95±3.19a	32.81±6.52a	1.15±0.19b
4 µmol/l U0126	76.35±4.06a	16.02±3.86a	8.49±4.13a	23.05±4.22a	1.09±0.13b
8 µmol/l U0126	80.14±5.27a	12.44±4.26a	7.15±2.74a	20.57±5.07a	1.37±0.35b

^aP<0.05

^bP>0.05 vs. control group. PI, proliferation index.

Figure 2.

Effects of drugs on colon cancer cell cycle and apoptosis. Compared to control group, *P<0.05; ^#P>0.05.

Detection of cell migration via wound healing assay

After drug treatment for 24 h, compared with that in control group, the cell migration distance in 8 µmol/l U0126 group had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05), but it had no significant difference between DMSO and 4 µmol/l U0126 group (P>0.05). After drug treatment for 48 and 72 h, the cell migration distance in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group was significantly reduced, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those in control group (P<0.05). However, the cell migration distance had no statistically significant difference between 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group (P>0.05) (Fig. 3, Table III).

Figure 3.

Detection of cell migration via wound healing assay.

Table III.

Effect of drug on inhibition rate of cell migration (mean ±SD).

	24 h		48 h		72 h
Variables	d (µm)	Migration inhibition rate (%)	d (µm)	Migration inhibition rate (%)	d (µm)	Migration inhibition rate (%)
Control	34.9±14.3	–	47.2±9.4	–	50.2±14.4	–
DMSO	31.5±11.7b	–	40.8±9.9b	–	52.6±18.2b	–
4 µmol/l U0126	19.9±7.2b	–	25.3±15.4a	46.2	28.6±15.1a	44.7
8 µmol/l U0126	13.8±6.2a	61.1	18.4±6.1a,c	61.4	23.4±10.7a,c	54.1

^aP<0.05

^bP>0.05 vs. control group.

^cP>0.05 vs. 4 µmol/l U0126 group. d, migration distance; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Discussion

The incidence rate of colon cancer is increasing year by year, seriously threatening human health. The widely-used treatment means is surgery, and the postoperative 5-year survival rate of patients is also different due to different staging of colon cancer. The 5-year survival rate of patients in Dukes A stage is >90%, but that of patients in Dukes C stage is only 50% (8). Although the 5-year survival rate of patients can be increased to some extent through vaious comprehensive treatments, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are still primary causes of patients' death (9), and these factors are closely related to the proliferation and invasion capacities of tumor cells.

In a variety of tissues in the human body, there is an extracellular signal factor, namely HGF, and it is essentially a polypeptide growth factor (10). HGF can be expressed and secreted in normal human and tumor cells. Some scholars found via experiments that HGF can effectively promote the proliferation and invasion processes of SW620 cells in vitro (11). ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is involved in a variety of physiological cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These functions of tumor cells are also associated with the ERK/MAPK signal transduction pathway (12). Radziwon-Balicka et al (13) found that MEK phosphorylation level is overexpressed in villous adenoma tissues, and its expression is significantly increased compared with that in para-carcinoma tissues and normal tissues. Lee et al (14) also found similar results in tubular adenomas. HGF binds to c-Met receptor in vivo and activates its kinase activity and multiple downstream signaling pathways, including ERK/MAPK (15), which provides a new idea for inhibiting ERK/MAPK signaling pathway to block the effects of HGF on promoting proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells. Enayat et al (16) showed that inhibiting ERK/MAPK signal transduction pathway can produce more significant inhibitory effects on proliferation and invasion of tumor cells.

In this study, after drug treatment for 48 h, there were statistically significant differences in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 experimental group compared with control group (P<0.05). The inhibition rate had no significant difference between the experimental groups of 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 (P>0.05), and the tumor cell proliferation was not inhibited in DMSO, 0.5, 1 and 2 µmol/l U0126 groups. The above results suggest that inhibiting ERK/MAPK signaling pathway can effectively block the ability of HGF to promote tumor cell proliferation, but there is no concentration-dependent effect. This is consistent with the results of Chen et al (17). It is speculated that the possible reason is that there are other downstream signaling pathways in HGF, such as PLC-γ and PI3K/AKT, directly leading to no dose-dependence in inhibition effect.

Results of flow cytometry showed that U0126 inhibited the cell cycle from entering S phase, and U0126 had no obvious effect on apoptosis of colon cancer cells. However, Bodur et al (18) found that inhibiting ERK/MAPK signaling pathway can promote apoptosis. It is speculated that the application of U0126 cannot completely antagonize the effect of HGF of inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis, and ERK/MAPK signal transduction pathway does not play a major role in regulating the apoptosis of colon cancer SW620 cells.

Wound healing assay showed that after drug treatment for 24 h, compared with that in control group, the cell migration distance in 8 µmol/l U0126 group had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05), but it had no significant difference between DMSO and 4 µmol/l U0126 group (P>0.05). After drug treatment for 48 and 72 h, the cell migration distance in 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group was significantly reduced, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those in control group (P<0.05). However, the cell migration distance had no statistically significant difference between 4 and 8 µmol/l U0126 group (P>0.05). These results indicate that inhibiting ERK/MAPK signal transduction pathway can significantly inhibit SW620 cell migration, during which the number of cell processes is reduced, and the length is shortened. ERK/MAPK signaling pathway may exert inhibition effect via inhibiting the cytoskeleton and cell processes. Zhang et al (19) also found a similar phenomenon. Najar et al (20) found that ERK signal transduction regulates the expression of cell transcription factor, causing cytoskeletal degeneration and enhancing invasion and metastasis capacities of tumor cells.

In conclusion, ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the effects of HGF on promoting proliferation and regulating cell cycle and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells, providing a new approach for the treatment of colon cancer.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

GZ and JY were responsible for CCK-8 assay. GZ and PS contributed to flow cytometry. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.