Table 1.
Demographic characteristics according to frequency of baseline total fried food consumption. Data are percentages or mean (standard deviation) unless indicated otherwise
| Variables | Frequency of total fried food consumption | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n=15 166) | <1 serving/week (n=38 482) | 1-2 servings/week (n=33 210) | 3-6 servings/week (n=15 480) | ≥1 serving/day (n=4628) | ||
| Age at baseline (years) | 64.9 (7.3) | 64.3 (7.3) | 63.1 (7.3) | 62.4 (7.2) | 61.3 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity: | ||||||
| White | 90.5 | 87.9 | 82.2 | 77.1 | 68.5 | <0.001 |
| Black | 4.4 | 5.5 | 8.5 | 11.3 | 17.2 | |
| Hispanic | 2.4 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.7 | |
| Others | 2.5 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.5 | |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Education: | ||||||
| High school or less | 24.6 | 28.8 | 34.2 | 38.8 | 44.9 | <0.001 |
| Some college | 25.2 | 27.0 | 27.2 | 26.9 | 25.4 | |
| College | 12.8 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 8.8 | |
| Postgraduate | 36.7 | 31.8 | 27.2 | 23.4 | 19.9 | |
| Missing | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
| Annual income: | ||||||
| <20 000 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 15.5 | 18.2 | 21.6 | <0.001 |
| 20 000-49 999 | 38.1 | 40.7 | 42.7 | 42.4 | 43.1 | |
| >50 000 | 40.5 | 38.0 | 35.0 | 32.4 | 28.1 | |
| Missing | 7.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.3 | |
| WHI component: | ||||||
| Clinical trial | 13.7 | 15.7 | 17.9 | 19.8 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
| Observational study | 86.3 | 84.3 | 82.2 | 80.2 | 79.4 | |
| Unopposed estrogen use: | ||||||
| Never used | 67.1 | 64.5 | 64.0 | 65.9 | 66.8 | <0.001 |
| Past user | 13.0 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.1 | 12.8 | |
| Current user | 20.0 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 21.0 | 20.4 | |
| Estrogen+progesterone use: | ||||||
| Never used | 73.4 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 76.1 | 78.9 | <0.001 |
| Past user | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 6.7 | |
| Current user | 18.0 | 18.2 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 14.5 | |
| Smoking status: | ||||||
| Never | 48.9 | 50.2 | 50.6 | 49.6 | 47.8 | <0.001 |
| Past | 45.7 | 42.7 | 40.4 | 39.7 | 40.3 | |
| Current | 4.0 | 5.6 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 10.8 | |
| Missing | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week): | ||||||
| <10 | 36.3 | 45.2 | 53.5 | 59.8 | 64.7 | <0.001 |
| ≥10 | 61.9 | 52.8 | 44.2 | 38.0 | 33.1 | |
| Missing | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | |
| Alcohol intake: | ||||||
| Non-drinker | 42.0 | 38.8 | 39.6 | 42.7 | 48.3 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 45.1 | 47.8 | 46.9 | 43.5 | 39.6 | |
| Heavy | 12.9 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 12.1 | |
| Coffee intake (medium serving/day) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.2 (1.9) | 2.4 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day)* | 1377.1 (470.6) | 1401.4 (485.6) | 1593.7 (551.0) | 1906.2 (644.3) | 2470.4 (834.7) | <0.001 |
| AHEI 2010 score | 55.7 (10.6) | 51.1 (10.5) | 47.1 (10.2) | 44.4 (10.3) | 42.7 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Baseline diabetes | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Baseline cardiovascular disease | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Baseline cancer | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.73 |
| Body mass index: | ||||||
| <25.0 | 49.6 | 43.3 | 35.3 | 29.2 | 23.9 | <0.001 |
| 25.0-29.9 | 31.9 | 34.4 | 34.8 | 34.0 | 30.6 | |
| ≥30 | 17.3 | 21.2 | 29.0 | 35.8 | 44.3 | |
| Missing | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | |
| Dietary carbohydrate (%E) | 58.7 (9.6) | 54.5 (9.1) | 50.2 (8.6) | 47.2 (8.3) | 45.0 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Dietary total fat (%E) | 23.6 (7.5) | 27.9 (7.5) | 32.5 (7.4) | 36.0 (7.3) | 39.0 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Dietary total protein (%E) | 17.8 (3.6) | 17.1 (3.3) | 16.7 (3.1) | 16.2 (3.0) | 15.7 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (servings/day) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Fruits (servings/day) | 3.1 (1.9) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains (g/day) | 41.0 (31.9) | 35.0 (28.0) | 32.9 (27.5) | 32.8 (27.9) | 35.0 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| SSBs (servings/day) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Nuts and legumes (servings/day) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Red and processed meat (servings/day) | 0.7 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Trans fat (%E) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| EPA+DHA (mg/day) | 141.2 (151.2) | 115.6 (117.9) | 118.7 (106.2) | 136.1 (126.7) | 175.8 (200.1) | <0.001 |
| PUFA (%E) | 5.2 (1.9) | 5.9 (2.0) | 6.7 (2.0) | 7.5 (2.0) | 8.3 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (g/day) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (drinks/day) | 0.4(0.8) | 0.4(0.8) | 0.4(0.8) | 0.4(0.9) | 0.4(1.0) | 0.14 |
AHEI=alternative healthy eating index; DHA=docosahexaenoic acid; EPA=eicosapentaenoic acid; MET=metabolic equivalent; PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acid; SD=standard deviation; SSB=sugar-sweetened beverage; WHI=Women’s Health Initiative, %E=percentage of energy.
*
1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ.