Abstract
Purpose
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, affecting a significant number of women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the roles of miR-182-5p in BC progression.
Materials and Methods
The expressions of miR-182-5p and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) were measured in BC tissues and cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Cell proliferation and invasion were detected by cell counting kit-8 assay and trans-well assay, respectively. The interaction between miR-182-5p and PTEN was probed by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase activity, and RNA immunoprecipitation. A murine xenograft model was established to investigate the role of miR-182-5p in BC progression in vivo.
Results
An abundance of miR-182-5p was noted in BC tissues and cells. High expression of miR-182-5p was associated with poor survival. Abrogation of miR-182-5p inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in BC cells. Interestingly, PTEN was indicated as a target of miR-182-5p, and its restoration reversed miR-182-5p-mediated promotion of proliferation and invasion of BC cells. Moreover, depletion of miR-182-5p suppressed tumor growth via up-regulating PTEN expression in the murine xenograft model.
Conclusion
MiR-182-5p exhaustion blocked cell proliferation and invasion by regulating PTEN expression, providing a novel therapeutic avenue for treatment of BC.
Keywords: Breast cancer, miR-182-5p, PTEN, proliferation, invasion
INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor and threatens a significant number of women worldwide.1 Invasion contributes to the tumor's malignancy and the high incidence of BC in older adult women.2 Although technology for diagnosis and therapy is advancing, no approved treatment has proven completely effective.3 Therefore, a novel driver for diagnosis and therapeutics of BC is required.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs and participate in tumorigenic processes in various cancers, including BC.4 Dysregulation of miRNAs has been suggested to be associated with cell apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancers in BC:5 For instance, overexpression of miR-18a-5p was shown to inhibit cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting sterol regulatory element binding transcription protein 1 (SREBP1) in BC.6 MiR-185-5p inhibited invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating receptors for advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor (RAGE) in BC.7 In addition, miR-19b was found to contribute to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by mediating phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and serine-threonine kinase (Akt) pathways, serving as a prognostic biomarker of BC.8 Moreover, miR-30 family members have been reported to play a pivotal role in cell invasion in BC.9 Apart from these miRNAs, serum miR-1915-3p and miR-455-3p have also been implicated in BC progression by regulating cell proliferation and migration ability.10
Research has demonstrated that miR-182-5p protects cell viability, migration, and invasion by regulating rat sarcoma (RAS)-associated binding 27a (RAB27A) in gastric cancer cells.11 In addition, miR-182-5p has been shown to promote cell invasion and proliferation in prostate cancer through mediating forkhead box F2 (FOXF2), reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) and metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1).12 Notably, miR-182-5p has been suggested to be ectopic in patients with BC.13 Also, inhibition of miR-182-5p has been found to elicit pro-apoptosis and antiproliferation effects via regulating Caspase 9 expression in BC.14 However, the role of miR-182-5p in BC and its mechanism are not fully understood.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) has been suggested as a tumor suppressor, leading to diverse biological outcomes by regulating metabolism and growth in varying cancers.15 PTEN has been reported to be impaired in multiple cancers and to play an important role in cell proliferation and migration in BC.16 Likewise, miR-142-5p also suppresses PTEN expression to further modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in BC cells.17 These results suggest that PTEN opens up the possibility of treatment of BC. However, there is no direct evidence in support of the relationship between miR-182-5p and PTEN. In this study, we investigated the effect of miR-182-5p on cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in vivo and examined the interaction between miR-182-5p and PTEN in BC cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens
This research was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Third Hospital Affiliated to Qiqihar Medical College, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. In this study, a total of 37 BC tissues and paired adjacent non-cancer tissues (NC) were collected from patients without the history of radiotherapy or chemotherapy before operation and stored in liquid nitrogen until ready for use. Patients were classified into high (n=22) and low miR-182-5p expression groups (n=15) according to the mean value of miR-182-5p abundance. The 5-year survival rate assay was conducted in all participants. The clinicopathologic characteristics of BC patients are displayed in Table 1.
Table 1. Relationship between miR-182-5p Expression and Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients.
| Characteristics | Cases | miR-182-5p expression | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low, n (%) | High, n (%) | |||
| Age (yr) | 0.7312 | |||
| ≤40 | 9 | 4 (44.44) | 5 (55.56) | |
| >40 | 28 | 11 (39.29) | 17 (60.71) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.7028 | |||
| <2 | 8 | 3 (37.50) | 5 (62.50) | |
| ≥2 | 29 | 12 (41.38) | 17 (58.62) | |
| Differentiation | 0.3251 | |||
| Well | 3 | 1 (33.33) | 2 (66.67) | |
| Moderate | 6 | 3 (50.00) | 3 (50.00) | |
| Poor | 28 | 11 (39.29) | 17 (60.71) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.0396 | |||
| 0 | 3 | 1 (33.33) | 2 (66.67) | |
| 1–3 | 8 | 4 (50.00) | 4 (50.00) | |
| >3 | 26 | 10 (38.46) | 16 (61.54) | |
| Tumor stage | 0.0237 | |||
| I+II | 13 | 6 (46.15) | 7 (53.85) | |
| III+IV | 24 | 9 (37.50) | 15 (62.50) | |
Cell culture and transfection
The normal breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A and BC cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT20, T47D, and SKBR3 were obtained from American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). All cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 1% penicillin, and streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37℃ in 5% CO2 during the study.
PTEN overexpression vectors (PTEN) were cloned into pcDNA by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). MiR-182-5p mimics (miR-182-5p), miR-182-5p inhibitor (anti-miR-182-5p), and negative control (miR-NC or anti-NC) were obtained from GenePharma. To investigate the effect of miR-182-5p and PTEN on cell proliferation and invasion, transfection was performed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) was used to isolate total RNA from tissues or cells following the manufacturer's instructions. The quality of RNA from every group was evaluated with a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, Wilmington, DE, USA), followed by synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) using a commercial Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). In turn, synthesized cDNA was diluted for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master Mix (Toyobo, Tokyo, Japan) following the amplification instructions. All primers were listed as follows: miR-182-5p (Forward, 5′-TGCGGTTTGGCAATGGTAGAAC-3′; Reverse, 5′-CCA GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′), U6 (Forward, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′; Reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′), PTEN (Forward, 5′-CCCTTTG AAGACCATAACCCAC-3′; Reverse, 5′-TTACACCAGTTCGTCCCT-3′), β-actin (Forward, 5′-CAGCCTTCCTTCTTGGGTAT-3′; Reverse, 5′-TGGCATAGAGGTC TTTACGG-3′). The expression of miR-182-5p or PTEN was analyzed by the 2−ΔΔCt method using U6 or β-actin as housekeeping gene, respectively.
Cell proliferation assay
Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to assess cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1×104 cells per well overnight. Then transfection was conducted for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. At the end point, CCK-8 solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added into each well and incubated for another 2 h at 37℃. Optical density was measured at 450 nm with a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Invasion assay
Cell invasion was analyzed by trans-well assay. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the upper chambers (Costar, Corning, NY, USA) pre-coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) using serum-free medium at 37℃ for 24 h and then carefully removed using a cotton swab. Invasive cells on the basal side of the membrane were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, stained with crystal violet (Sigma), and then counted under a microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Three visual fields were randomly selected.
Luciferase activity assays
miRTarBase and miRanda analysis revealed putative binding sites for miR-182-5p and 3′ untranslated regions (3′-UTR) sequences of PTEN. The wild-type plasmid (PTEN-WT) or mutant-type plasmid (PTEN-MUT) was generated using pGL3 luciferase reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) based on wild or mutant sequences of 3′-UTR of PTEN, respectively. WT or MUT luciferase reporter plasmids, Renilla luciferase plasmid, and miR-182-5p or anti-miR-182-5p were transfected into MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells for 48 h using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The luciferase activity analysis was evaluated by using Luciferase Assay Kit (Promega) and normalized by Renilla luciferase activity.
RNA immunoprecipitation
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was performed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with transfection of miR-182-5p mimics or miR-NC using a Magna RIP RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Transfected cells were lysed in cell lysis buffer and added to magnetic beads bound with anti-argonaute 1 (Ago1) or IgG antibody for 2 h at 4℃. The RNA-protein-beads complexes were isolated for qRT-PCR.
Western blots
Total proteins were isolated from tumor tissues or cells using cell lysis buffer containing 1% protease inhibitor (Thermo Fisher, Wilmington, DE, USA) and quantified using BCA assay kit (Sigma) according to the instructions. Denatured proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore). The membranes were blocked with blocking reagent (Thermo Fisher) for 1 h at room temperature and then incubated with primary antibodies against PTEN or β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) overnight at 4℃, followed by interacting with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology) for 2 h at room temperature. The protein blots were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence chromogenic substrate (GE Healthcare, Amersham, UK) and investigated by Image Lab software (Bio-Rad).
Animals and MCF-7 xenograft model
All experiments were approved by the Animal Research committee of the Third Hospital Affiliated to Qiqihar Medical College. SPF BALB/c nude mice (female, 6-week-old) were obtained from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology (Beijing, China) and maintained in specific pathogen-free microisolator cages with free access to water and food during the experiments.
MCF-7 cells were transfected with lentiviral vectors with miR-182-5p inhibitor (anti-miR-182-5p) or control (anti-NC) constructed by GeneCopoeia (Rockville, MD, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Stably transfected cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice after acclimatization (n=8 per group). Tumors were examined every ten days, and tumor volume was calculated with slide calipers as (length×width×height)/2. Mice were sacrificed at 50 days after cell implantation, and tumor specimens were collected for weight or further molecular analyses.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the mean±SEM from three independent experiments. Student's t test was used to evaluate differences using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Kaplan-Meier plots were used to analyze survival rates. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the prognostic value of miR-182-5p and other factors. Statistical significance was considered for p values less than 0.05.
RESULTS
MiR-182-5p expression is enhanced in BC tissues and cell lines
To probe the roles of miR-182-5p in BC progression, its expression was detected in BC tissues and cell lines. A marked increase in miR-182-5p levels was noted in BC tissues, compared with that in para-tumor samples (n=37) (Fig. 1A). Classifying patients into high miR-182-5p expression (n=22) and low miR-182-5p expression (n=15) groups according to the mean value thereof, we found that high miR-182-5p expression was correlated with poor survival rate (p< 0.01) (Fig. 1B). Moreover, high miR-182-5p expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.0396) and tumor stage (p=0.0237). Similarly, an abundance of miR-182-5p was strong higher in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT20, T47D, and SKBR3 cells than in MCF-10A cells, particularly in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 1C). Hence, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were used for further experiments.
Fig. 1. MiR-182-5p is highly expressed in breast cancer (BC) tissues and cell lines. (A) The abundance of miR-182-5p was examined in BC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancer tissues (NC). (B) The survival rate was investigated in BC patients classified according to low miR-182-5p expression and high miR-182-5p expression, p<0.01. (C) The expression of miR-182-5p was detected in BC cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT20, T47D, and SKBR3), compared with that in normal breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). *p<0.05.
MiR-182-5p depletion inhibits proliferation and invasion of BC cells
In the light of dysregulation of miR-182-5p, we further investigated the effect of miR-182 depletion on BC cell proliferation and invasion in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with transfection of anti-miR-182-5p or anti-NC. As a result, the expression of miR-182-5p was effectively reduced in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with anti-miR-182-5p, compared with cells treated with anti-NC (Fig. 2A). Moreover, abrogation of miR-182-5p resulted in a loss of proliferation rate, compared with treatment of anti-NC in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 2B and C). In addition, invasive ability was obviously impaired in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with the absence of miR-182-5p (Fig. 2D).
Fig. 2. Depletion of miR-182-5p inhibits cell proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. (A) Transfection efficacy was investigated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after transfection of anti-miR-182-5p or anti-NC. (B and C) The effect of anti-miR-182-5p on cell proliferation was investigated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by CCK-8. (D) The invasive ability was evaluated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with anti-miR-182-5p or anti-NC. *p<0.05.
PTEN is a direct target of miR-182-5p
Generally, the function of miRNA is known to modulate targeted gene expression in various cancers. Therefore, a promising target of miR-182-5p was required for understanding the pathogenesis of BC. Bioinformatics analysis described the putative binding sites of miR-182-5p and 3′-UTR of PTEN (Fig. 3A). Hence, luciferase activity and Ago1 RIP assays were performed to validate the interaction. Results showed that overexpression of miR-182-5p leads to a marked reduction in luciferase activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells transfected with PTEN-WT, whereas its efficacy was lost in response to that in the PTEN-MUT group (Fig. 3B and C). However, absence of miR-182-5p showed the opposite effect on luciferase activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells (Fig. 3D and E). Moreover, the abundance of Ago1-enriched PTEN was effectively enhanced in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with miR-182-5p, compared with that in the miR-NC group; IgG failed to show any efficacy of enrichment (Fig. 3F). The abundance of PTEN was measured in BC tissues and cells by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The results revealed obvious decreases in the expression of PTEN in BC tissues and cells, compared with their corresponding control, respectively (Fig. 3G and H). Meanwhile, accumulation of miR-182-5p resulted in reductions in PTEN protein, while its abrogation induced elevated expression thereof, in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells (Fig. 3I).
Fig. 3. PTEN a target of miR-182-5p. (A) Putative binding sites of miR-182-5p and PTEN was predicted by miRTarBase and miRanda. (B–E) The luciferase activity was investigated in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells co-transfected with WT or MUT luciferase vectors and miR-182-5p, anti-miR-182-5p or their negative control. (F) The abundance of enrichment of PTEN was detected in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells after Ago1 RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). (G and H) The expression of PTEN was measured in breast cancer (BC) tissues and cells at the mRNA and protein level, respectively. (I) The effect of miR-182-5p on PTEN protein expression was examined in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. *p<0.05.
Addition of PTEN ablates miR-182-5p-mediated promotion of cell proliferation and invasion
Since PTEN was found to be a target of miR-182-5p, we further investigated whether PTEN was required for the miR-182-5p-mediated effect on proliferation and invasion in BC cells. Unsurprisingly, the abundance of miR-182-5p was markedly elevated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with transfection of miR-182-5p mimics (Fig. 4A). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of PTEN was evidently increased in cells suffering from transfection of PTEN overexpression vector (Fig. 4B). Moreover, introduction of PTEN overexpression vector reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-182-5p on expression of PTEN in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 4C). Functional analysis demonstrated that richness of miR-182-5p contributed to cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, whereas restoration of PTEN attenuated the effect (Fig. 4D and E). Furthermore, invasive cells were greatly increased in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with miR-182-5p, compared with that in miR-NC group, while the presence of PTEN ablated the regulatory effect of miR-182-5p on cell invasion (Fig. 4F).
Fig. 4. Addition of PTEN reverses miR-182-5p-mediated promotion on cell proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. (A) The expression of miR-182-5p was detected in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with miR-182-5p or miR-NC. (B) PTEN level was examined in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with PTEN or NC. (C) The expression of PTEN was measured in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells co-transfected with miR-182-5p and NC or PTEN. (D and E) The effect of miR-182-5p and PTEN on cell proliferation was investigated in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. (F) The effect of miR-182-5p and PTEN on invasive ability was detected in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells by trans-well analysis. *p<0.05.
MiR-182-5p exhaustion suppresses tumor growth in vivo
Given that miR-182-5p deletion was found to protect against cell proliferation and invasion in BC cells, we next investigated whether miR-182-5p knockdown might inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Tumor size was effectively suppressed in anti-miR-182-5p treated mice, compared with the anti-NC group (Fig. 5A). Moreover, miR-182-5p deficiency led to a marked loss of tumor weight, compared with anti-NC treatment (Fig. 5B). Subsequently, the expression levels of miR-182-5p and PTEN were investigated in tumor tissues, revealing an obvious reduction of miR-182-5p in the tumors with anti-miR-182-5p insult (Fig. 5C). Besides, the expression of PTEN was enhanced at mRNA and protein levels in tumors in anti-miR-182-5p group, compared with the anti-NC group (Fig. 5D and E).
Fig. 5. MiR-182-5p deficiency suppresses MCF-7 xenograft tumor growth in vivo. (A) Tumor volume was examined every 10 days for five times after cell implantation. (B) Tumor weight was detected at the end point. (C) The expression of miR-182-5p was detected in tumor tissues. (D and E) The abundance of PTEN was evaluated in tumors by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. *p<0.05.
DISCUSSION
MiRNAs, as new biomarkers, play an important role in regulating invasion, proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and chemotherapy in BC.18 Here we found that miR-182-5p expression is enhanced in BC tissues and cells and predicted poor survival, which is consistent with previous work.19 Additionally, we explored the effect of miR-182-5p on cell proliferation and invasion and outlined interactions between miR-182-5p and PTEN in BC cells.
MiRNAs have been reported to serve as tumor suppressor or oncogene in BC progression. For example, miR-30 level was increased in BC and its knockdown blocked cell proliferation and invasive ability and increased survival time in mice with MCF-7 xenograft.20 Moreover, miR-27b protected against proliferation by altering cell metabolism by regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHX) in BC.21 Meanwhile, miR-433 was reported as a tumor suppressor implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the metastatic potential of BC.22 In this study, we demonstrated miR-182-5p exhaustion protected against cell proliferation and invasion of BC cells. This is in agreement with previous research that showed miR-182-5p abrogation limits cell proliferation and results in apoptosis.14
Potential target genes have been suggested to be required for functional miR-182-5p. For instance, miR-182-5p was suggested to play an essential role in hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a).23 In addition, RAB27A was also reported as a functional target of miR-182-5p, which has an important impact on cell viability, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer.11 In the current study, we probed the interaction between miR-182-5p with PTEN and validated the inhibitory effect of PTEN on miR-182-5p-mediated protective in BC, indicating that PTEN might play a suppressive role in BC.
Emerging evidence suggests that various genes are associated with the risk of BC, including PTEN.24 PTEN has been reported as a target of miR-498 to regulate cell proliferation and migration of BC.16 Furthermore, PTEN has been found to limit proliferation and to induce apoptosis through miR-142-5p in BC.17 In addition, miR-21 was shown to be correlated with poor outcomes in BC patients and to regulate chemo-resistance and invasion via inhibiting PTEN expression in BC MCF-7 cells.25 Meanwhile, miR-130a was suggested as an oncogenic target that inhibited PTEN abundance to promote cell proliferation and tumor growth in multiple cancers, including BC.26 These reports also supported our view of PTEN as a tumor suppressor. Similar to the in vitro results, absence of miR-182-5p inhibited tumor growth and enhanced PTEN expression in our xenograft model induced by MCF-7 cells: in vivo xenograft models are widely used in preclinical drug trials and BC studies.27,28 As the microenvironment is complex and metastases in vivo remain a challenge in BC,29,30 metastases need more in vivo investigation for BC treatment in the future.
In conclusion, miR-182-5p was elevated and correlated with poor survival in BC. MiR-182-5p deficiency lowered cell proliferation and invasion of BC cells. Intriguingly, PTEN was interacted with miR-182-5p and abated the promotive effect of miR-182-5p on BC progression. Moreover, miR-182-5p depletion impaired tumor growth in the xenograft model. These results indicated that miR-182-5p knockdown hindered cell proliferation and invasion by targeting PTEN in BC, providing a novel therapeutic approach for BC treatment.
Footnotes
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
- Conceptualization: Yue-Sheng Zhao.
- Data curation: Yue-Sheng Zhao.
- Formal analysis: Yue-Sheng Zhao, Wei-Chao Yang.
- Investigation: Yue-Sheng Zhao, Wei-Chao Yang.
- Methodology: Wei-Chao Yang.
- Project administration: Hong-Wei Xin.
- Resources: Ji-Xia Han.
- Software: Hong-Wei Xin.
- Writing—original draft: Su-Gang Ma.
- Writing—review & editing: Ji-Xia Han, Su-Gang Ma.
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