Skip to main content
Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer logoLink to Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer
. 2019 Jan 20;22(1):15–19. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.01.04

电磁导航支气管镜活检联合Massage染色定位在肺疾病诊疗中的应用

Application of Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopic Biopsy Combined with Massage Staining in Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Pulmonary Lesion

Kai QIAN 1, Yonggeng FENG 1, Ruwen WANG 1, Bo DENG 1,*, Qunyou TAN 1,*
PMCID: PMC6348156  PMID: 30674388

Abstract

Background and objective

Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) has become the latest minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique due to its characteristics, e.g., non-invasion, accuracy, real-time positioning. In this study, we investigated the application of ENB biopsy combined with Massage staining in the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL).

Methods

The clinical data of 15 PPL patients undergoing ENB biopsy plus Massage staining between August 2017 and January 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, there were 12 male and 3 female, and the mean age was (51.3±2.1) years old.

Results

The diameter of PPLs ranged from 6 mm to 36 mm (mean: 14.0 mm). The successful biopsy rate was 66.7%. All patients successfully underwent Massage staining. The distance between the centers of staining and lesion was (1.0±0.4) cm, and the diameter of staining was (2.8±0.6) cm. The mean operation time was (26.7±5.3) min, and the mean blood loss during surgery was (3.3±1.5) mL. There was no pneumothorax, hemothorax and pulmonary vascular injury during the procedure.

Conclusion

The ENB biopsy plus Massage staining technique caused very few complications, and provided high precision, which warrants further application.

Keywords: Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, Biopsy, Peripheral pulmonary lesion, Location


随着胸部低剂量计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)筛查的广泛应用,越来越多的肺周围型病变(peripheral pulmonary lesion, PPL)及磨玻璃病变(ground-glass node, GGN)被发现[1]。对于位置表浅、存在胸膜凹陷的PPL或实性结节,可以在术中视诊或采用手指触摸定位。但对于直径较小以及亚实性结节,手指及器械探查很难探及。术中依据CT影像判断肺部结节大致位置,病灶位置在肺萎陷前后常有偏差,导致术者无法准确判定其位置,无法精准切除,存在较大的医疗隐患。其他常用定位方法主要包括Hook-wire穿刺定位法、弹簧圈定位法以及CT引导下经胸壁穿刺美兰染色定位等,往往存在发生气胸、血胸及定位物脱落或移动等风险。

电磁导航支气管镜(electromagnetic navigation bronchoscope, ENB)是将电磁、3D影像和导航系统相结合,辅助准确到达肺外周并获取病变组织学诊断,是对传统纤维支气管镜、气管内超声以及气管内活检技术的补充[2]。术前利用ENB同步完成术前病理活检及病变定位,对于外科治疗肺部结节有重大的临床意义。

为进一步探索磁导航支气管镜技术在胸外科领域的应用,我们采用目前国内尚未开展的Massage染色定位法,对15例PPL患者实施了ENB活检及Massage染色定位,并同期切除病灶,效果良好。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

我科于2017年8月-2018年1月施行ENB活检联合Massage染色定位15例PPL患者(男性12例,女性3例)。年龄(51.3±2.1)岁。PPL直径6 mm-36 mm,平均14.0 mm。右上叶5例(33.3%),右中叶1例(6.6%),右下叶2例(13.3%),左肺上叶4例(26.6%),左下叶3例(20.0%)。15例中,实性结节6例(40.0%)、混杂性磨玻璃结节(mixed ground glass nodule, mGGN)5例(33.3%)、纯磨玻璃结节(pure ground glass nodule, pGGN)2例(13.3%)和空洞病灶2例(13.3%)。所有患者术前无病理学诊断。行ENB活检联合Massage染色定位,明确冰冻病理学结果后,同期手术治疗。根据患者症状、体征、术前检查评判,纳入标准为:①术前无明确病理诊断;②HRCT初筛检查发现肺部PPL,未经其他抗肿瘤治疗;③可耐受ENB操作;④排除手术禁忌证:肿瘤远处转移、出血倾向、凝血机制严重障碍、心肺功能不全、严重心律失常或高血压、重度肺动脉高压、呼吸道严重感染等。该研究经陆军军医大学大坪医院伦理委员会批准,所有入组患者术前获得告知,并签署知情同意书。

1.2. 仪器设备

Super-D(AAS000161-02)电磁导航系统购自美国COVIDINETM公司,包括1.9×1, 070 mm EdgeTM定位引导丝、2.6×1, 050 mm引导丝扩展工作通道、1.8×1, 050 mm活检钳及1根1.8×1, 000 mm空心套管。电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)采用STORZ胸腔镜系统,机器人手术采用Da Vinci(达芬奇)机器人系统完成。

1.3. 手术方法

全麻单腔气管插管,双肺通气。ENB传感器分别置于胸骨角及两侧腋前线第8肋间,经支气管镜吸痰及探查后,从纤维支气管镜工作孔道置入Edge定位引导丝及扩展工作通道,通过软件将匹配虚拟与实际支气管镜图像。由系统软件自动生成到达靶区的导航图(图 1A)。利用导航系统,操作者对引导丝位置进行校正并向前推进导丝,使引导丝到达病灶部位(图 1B)。随后退出引导丝,从导丝扩展通道置入活检工具,钳取出病变组织行冰冻病理学检查。再次置入定位导丝,根据导航系统指引到达病灶临近的胸膜处靶点(图 1C),置入与探头长度一致的1.8 mm直径套管,向套管内注入亚甲蓝(图 1D),注入剂量为0.8 mL/cm病灶直径。再次置定位引导丝,再次确认已到达胸膜设定部位后反复多次抽送导丝,完成Massage染色定位(图 1E图 1F)。根据图 2策略,决定下一步手术方式。

1.

1

电磁导航支气管镜活检联合Massage染色定位操作步骤。A:制定术前计划,由计算机软件自动生成到达靶区的导航图;B:定位导丝及扩展工作通道到达病灶部位;C:定位导丝及扩展工作通道到达脏层胸膜;D:将美兰溶液预充在1.8 mm的导管中;E:将预充美兰溶液的导管置入扩展工作通道进行Massage染色,红色箭头方向为Massage染色过程中导管搓揉的方向;F:定位导丝到达脏层胸膜。

Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy biopsy combined with massage staining positioning steps. A: Develop a pre-operative plan to automatically generate a navigation map to the target area by computer software; B: Positioning guide wire and extended working channel reached the lesion; C: Positioning guide wire and extended working channel reached the visceral pleura; D: The methylthionine chloride was filled in the 1.8 mm catheter; E: The catheter with methylthionine chloride was placed into the extended working channel, and the direction of catheter rubbing during Massage staining was shown by the red arrow; F: Positioning guide wire reached the visceral pleura.

2.

2

ENB活检联合Massage染色定位后手术方式选择策略

Strategy of surgical treatment following ENB biopsy plus Massage staining. ENB: electromagnetic navigation bronchoscope.

2. 结果

10例患者(恶性肿瘤6例,良性病变4例)术中冰冻活检诊断与术后病理诊断一致,总诊断率为66.7%。其余5例中,2例因支气管炎症闭锁,未能到达病变位置;3例虽到达病变位置,由于获取组织过少,未能获得冰冻诊断。

定位染色过程中,13例患者顺利到达脏层胸膜行Massage染色定位(图 3A),2例因炎症导致终末支气管阻塞,引导丝无法进入,在距脏层胸膜0.8 cm及0.9 cm行Massage染色(图 3B)。所有患者定位点均与实际病灶的位置相符,染色部位中心距离病灶中心平均距离为(1.0±0.4)cm,染色扩散直径为(2.8±0.6)cm,胸腔镜下观察染色部位清晰易识别。根据术中病理结果,5例诊断为炎性假瘤,故行胸腔镜楔形切除术,1例患者术前经规范抗感染治疗无效,ENB活检诊断为慢性病变,结合病史影像学考虑机化性肺炎,行VATS肺叶切除术。9例术中诊断为非小细胞肺癌,其中8例行VATS肺叶切除术及淋巴结清扫术,1例行机器人肺叶切除术。在ENB活检及Massage染色术中无气胸、大出血及气管损伤等。平均操作时间为(26.7±5.3)min,术中平均失血量为(3.3±1.5)mL。

3.

3

Massage染色效果。A:套管到达脏层胸膜Massage染色效果;B:套管距离脏层胸膜约0.8 cm时Massage染色效果。

Effect of massage staining. A: The effect of Massage staining where the catheter reaches the visceral pleura; B: The effect of Massage staining where the catheter from the visceral pleura is about 0.8 cm.

3. 讨论

随着肺癌筛查逐渐被重视,越来越多的早期肺部结节被发现。明确病理诊断对选择手术方式至关重要。PET/CT其诊断敏感性和特异性分别仅为88%、77%[3]。CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检准确率并不尽如人意,此外穿刺有可能导致气胸及肿瘤转移[4]。超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检(transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy guided by ultrasound bronchoscop, EBUS-TBNA)的检出率与肿瘤大小及部位密切相关:病灶 > 2 cm,检出率约为63%;病灶 < 2 cm,降为34%[5]

ENB原理是系统对照CT虚拟的3D支气管镜图像,形成“路线”,在磁导航的引导下,操作者将直径约2 mm工作通道和导丝送至病灶部位,可到达脏层胸膜水平的病灶。置入相应的活检器械如活检钳、活检针或细胞刷对病灶进行活检[6]。多中心前瞻性研究显示ENB活检的成功率可高达91.8%[2]。对于常规支气管镜无法到达或无法耐受肺穿刺的患者,ENB更具有优势。

目前较为常用的术中病灶定位方法包括:CT引导下经皮肤穿刺钩线定位技术(Hookwire)、注射染料、对比剂或放射性核素、植入弹簧圈以及术中使用超声或可移动CT装置等。Kleedehn[7]比较了美兰穿刺染色和Hookwire穿刺定位,并发症发生率分别高达54%和46%,13% Hookwire定位点发生移位。我们采用Massage染色定位法,利用ENB引导套管准确地到达脏层胸膜内侧,在ENB实时监测下,将含有亚甲蓝的导管与胸膜间摩擦,使脏层胸膜染色。由于脏层胸膜完整性未遭到破坏,可以有效限制染色范围,提高了手术切除的精确性,并且降低了气胸及血胸的发生率。

常用ENB定位染色剂有亚甲蓝、靛卡红和生物蛋白胶等。靛卡红在染色定位后3天仍可辨认,而亚甲蓝在染色数小时后消散。因此,对于染色定位后可立即手术的患者,亚甲蓝和靛卡红染色均可,而染色后不能立即手术的患者应首选靛卡红作为标记物[8]。有报道[9]将亚甲蓝和生物蛋白胶混合,生物蛋白胶在气道内可减缓亚甲蓝的扩散速度,同时形成可触及的蓝染区域,但相对繁琐且受材料限制。我们尝试采用亚甲蓝进行Massage染色,对脏层胸膜进行局部点状摩擦,由于染色剂剂量较少,摩擦后染色剂不会产生大的弥散面积,能很好地分辨病变区域,帮助我们术中快速便捷寻找病灶。

1.

患者一般情况

Demographical-clinical characteristics of patients in this study

Variables Number of cases
Gender (male:female) 12:3
Age (yr) 51.3±2.1
Massage staining 15
Diameter of lesions (mm) 14.0±2.5
ENB biopsy 15
Mode of operation
 Pulmonary wedge resection 5
 VAST-assisted pulmonary lobectomy 9
 Robotic-assisted pulmonary lobectomy 1
 Conventional pulmonary lobectomy 0

本研究我们总结出以下经验:①Massage染色定位的关键在于尽可能地使导管尖段到达脏层胸膜,对于导管未到达脏层胸膜采用Massage法染色后会出现染色剂扩散,但患者采用Massage染色后仍能准确辨认出病变部位。②应尽可能减少染色剂的剂量,Massage染色定位法通过导管与胸膜的点状摩擦,可有效地标记病变位置并减少染色剂的扩散。

2.

病灶特点与Massage染色效果

Characteristics and the dyeing effects of peripheral pulmonary lesions in this study

Characteristics Total Dye(+) Dye(-)
Dye (+):Good dyeing effect and accurate lesion location;Dye (-): After dyeing, the dyeing agent is dispersed, but the dyeing effect is not satisfactory.
Size of nodule (mm)
 ≤10 4 3 1
 11-15 6 6 0
 16-0 4 4 0
 ≥21 1 0 1
Character of nodule on CT finding
 Solid nodule 6 5 1
 mGGN 5 5 0
 pGGN 2 3 1
 Cavitary nodule 2 2 0

综上所述,ENB下Massage染色定位技术对肺组织损伤小,并发症发生率低,精度高,可一次性完成诊断及定位,是一项安全、高效的操作,能提高微创外科PPL精确切除的成功率。但本研究样本量偏小,需不断总结经验,并扩大样本量,进一步验证及完善Massage染色定位技术。

Contributor Information

邓 波 (Bo DENG), Email: dengbo@tmmu.edu.cn.

谭 群友 (Qunyou TAN), Email: tanqy001@163.com.

References

  • 1.Zhou QH, Fan YG, Wang Y, et al. China national lung cancer screening guideline with low-dose computed tomography (2018 version) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29526173. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2018;21(2):67–75. doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.02.01. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; 周 清华, 范 亚光, 王 颖, et al. 中国肺癌低剂量螺旋CT筛查指南(2018年版) http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-FAIZ201802001.htm 中国肺癌杂志. 2018;21(2):67–75. doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.02.01. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Khandhar SJ, Bowling MR, Flandes J, et al. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy to access lung lesions in 1, 000 subjects: first results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0403-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Jeong YJ, Yi CA, Lee KS. Solitary pulmonary nodules: detection, characterization, and guidance for further diagnostic workup and treatment. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(1):57–68. doi: 10.2214/AJR.05.2131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Tuna T, Ozkaya S, Dirican A, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography-guided transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy in patients with pulmonary disease. OncoTargets Ther. 2013;6:1553–1557. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S45013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Agarwal R, Srinivasan A, Aggarwal AN, et al. Efficacy and safety of convex probe EBUS-TBNA in sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2012;106(6):883–892. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.02.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Gex G, Pralong JA, Combescure C, et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration. 2014;87(2):165–176. doi: 10.1159/000355710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Kleedehn M, Kim DH, Lee FT, et al. Preoperative pulmonary nodule localization: A comparison of methylene blue and Hookwire techniques. Am J Roentgenol. 2016;207(6):1334–1339. doi: 10.2214/AJR.16.16272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Krimsky WS, Minnich DJ, Cattaneo SM, et al. Thoracoscopic detection of occult indeterminate pulmonary nodules using bronchoscopic pleural dye marking. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2014;4 doi: 10.3402/jchimp.v4.23084. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Luo K, Lin Y, Lin X, et al. Localization of peripheral pulmonary lesions to aid surgical resection: a novel approach for electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic dye marking. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg. 2017;52(3):516–521. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer are provided here courtesy of Editorial office of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer

RESOURCES