Abstract
Objective
To identify the clinicopathological features correlated to lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).
Methods
Clinical data of 785 PTMC patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Lishui Municipal Central Hospital from September 2008 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and pathological risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM), central lymph node metastasis (CLNM), and lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM) were analyzed.
Results
LNM was found in 236 (30.2%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that in PTMC, male gender, age < 55 years, tumor size > 5 mm, bilateral lesions, and extrathyroidal extension were independent risk factors for LNM in general and for CLNM. For LLNM, tumor size > 5 mm, multifocal lesions, and extrathyroidal extension were independent risk factors.
Conclusions
Identification of risk factors for cervical LNM could assist individualization of clinical management for PTMC.
1. Introduction
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined as papillary thyroid carcinoma that is 10 mm or less in maximal diameter. Though patients with PTMC have an excellent 10-year prognosis with a survival rate of more than 99% [1], lymph node metastasis was shown to be associated with increased risk of recurrence [1–4]. The recurrence of the disease is majorly involved in lymph nodes, which may lead to additional surgery or radioiodine ablation therapy, affecting life quality of patients. Therefore, identification of patients with higher risk of LNM is necessary to optimize operation selection and subsequent therapy for PTMC.
Therapeutic or prophylactic central lymph node dissection (CLND) was recommended for treatment of PTMC when metastatic lymph nodes are evident in preoperative evaluation [5]. However, there is controversy about the necessity of routine prophylactic CLND for clinically node-negative patients [6, 7].
This study is a retrospective analysis that focuses on PTMC, aiming to analyze specific clinicopathological features that correlate with cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) in PTMC and to provide new evidence for risk evaluation of PTMC as a guide for clinical management and subsequent follow-up.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
The study subjects were patients who received surgical treatment at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, China, from September 2008 to December 2017. The patients were included according to the following criteria: (1) no previous thyroid surgery, (2) availability of an adequate medical history, (3) underwent unilateral or bilateral central lymph node dissection, with or without lateral lymph node dissection, and (4) diagnosis of PTMC pathologically confirmed. Patients with PTMC incidentally found in thyroidectomy for benign conditions (without neck dissection) were excluded. Finally, a total of 785 patients were included in this study.
This research was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China.
2.2. Surgical Treatment
Preoperative clinical and ultrasound (US) evaluations were performed for all patients. Features of malignant nodules included marked hypoechogenicity, taller-than-wide shape, spiculated margin, hypervascularity, and calcification [8]. 264 patients were diagnosed or suspected to have PTMC by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Diagnosed or suspicious malignancies were treated by surgical resection, and the final procedure was determined based on the results of frozen section examination.
The patients underwent open (624, 79.5%) or laparoscopic (161, 20.5%) thyroidectomy or lobectomy. For solitary primary lesions, lobectomy (ipsilateral lobe and isthmus resection) plus ipsilateral central lymph node dissection (CLND) was performed. For unilateral lesions which require postoperative iodine 131 treatment or bilateral lesions, total thyroidectomy plus bilateral CLND was performed. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) including levels II, III, IV, and Vb was performed when lymph node metastasis in lateral compartment was diagnosed or suspected by either preoperative FNA or CT. Level I and Va lymph nodes were only dissected when metastasis was present in these compartments. All surgical specimens were independently examined by two expert pathologists. Specifically, the histological type, location and number of lesions, largest diameter, and the presence of extrathyroidal extension and the number of metastatic/dissected lymph nodes were reported.
Patients received TSH suppression using levothyroxine after the surgery. Patients with any of the following criteria received iodine 131 treatment: extrathyroidal extension, metastatic lymph nodes of more than five in number or diameter > 1 cm, and postoperative unstimulated Tg level > 5 ng/mL.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, USA). Quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Chi-squared test was used to assess the difference between groups. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for relationships between each variable and lymph node metastasis were calculated using binary logistic regression, in which backward elimination (conditional) was used as a variable selection method. Forest plots were drawn by R software to visualize multivariate analysis results. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
The baseline patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Among 785 patients with PTMC, 24% were male and 76% were female; the male/female ratio was 1 : 3.16. The mean age of all patients was 45.5 ± 10.0 years. The mean tumor size, defined as the maximal diameter, of this cohort was 5.73 ± 2.39 mm, while 417 (53%) patients had 5 mm PTMC or less in diameter. Based on preoperative evaluation and results of frozen section examination, total thyroidectomy plus bilateral CLND was performed in 174 (22.2%) patients, lobectomy plus ipsilateral CLND in 576 (73.4%) patients, and total thyroidectomy plus bilateral CLND and unilateral LLND in 35 (4.5%) patients. According to pathological examination of surgical specimens, LNM was found in 236 (30.1%) patients, among which 207 (26.4%) had only CLNM. LLNM was found in 29 (3.69%) patients. 7 (0.9%) patients had LLNM without CLNM (leap metastasis). Multifocality was found in 226 (28.8%) patients, among whom 86 (11.0%) had unilateral lesions and 140 (17.8%) had bilateral lesions.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Parameters | Patient number n (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 189 (24.1%) |
| Female | 596 (75.9%) |
| Age (year) | 45.5 ± 10.0 |
| Tumor size (mm) | 5.73 ± 2.39 |
| Multifocality | |
| Solitary lesion | 559 (71.2%) |
| Multifocal lesions | 226 (28.8%) |
| Unilateral | 86 (11.0%) |
| Bilateral | 140 (17.8%) |
| Surgery procedure | |
| Lobectomy plus ipsilateral CLND | 576 (73.4%) |
| Total thyroidectomy plus bilateral CLND | 174 (22.2%) |
| Total thyroidectomy plus bilateral CLND and unilateral LLND | 35 (4.5%) |
| Open surgery | 624 (79.5%) |
| Laparoscopic surgery | 161 (20.5%) |
| LNM | |
| LNM | 236 (30.1%) |
| CLNM only | 207 (26.4%) |
| LLNM only | 7 (0.9%) |
| CLNM and LLNM | 22 (2.8%) |
CLND: central lymph node dissection; LLND: lateral lymph node dissection; LNM: lymph node metastasis; CLNM: central lymph node metastasis; LLNM: lateral lymph node metastasis.
3.2. Risk Factors for LNM in PTMC
We first analyzed the association between clinical parameters and LNM in PTMC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer has recently updated the 8th edition of TNM staging for differentiated thyroid cancer, in which the age cutoff was raised from 45 to 55 years [9]. Thus, we accordingly divide patients into two age groups by 55 years, rather than 45. Univariate analysis showed that LNM was significantly associated with gender, age, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, multifocality, and bilaterality, but not with lymphocytic thyroiditis complication or tumor location (Table 2). For multivariate analysis, five variables were included in the logistic regression model. The results were shown in Figure 1. In our model, male gender (OR = 2.086, P < 0.001), age < 55 years (OR = 2.145, P = 0.002), tumor size > 5 mm (OR = 3.007, P < 0.001), bilateral lesions (OR = 1.556, P = 0.032), and extrathyroidal extension (OR = 2.314, P = 0.008) remain to be independent predictive factors for LNM in PTMC.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of clinicopathological factors predictive of lymph node metastasis (LNM).
| Parameters | Total | LNM (-) | LNM (+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 189 | 109 (57.7%) | 80 (42.3%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 596 | 440 (73.8%) | 156 (26.2%) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <55 | 653 | 444 (68.0%) | 209 (32.0%) | 0.008 |
| ≥55 | 132 | 105 (79.5%) | 27 (20.5%) | |
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤5 mm | 417 | 338 (81.1%) | 79 (18.9%) | <0.001 |
| >5 mm | 368 | 211 (57.3%) | 157 (42.7%) | |
| Extrathyroidal extension | ||||
| No | 736 | 528 (71.7%) | 208 (28.3%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 49 | 21 (42.9%) | 28 (57.1%) | |
| Multifocality | ||||
| Unifocal | 559 | 406 (72.6%) | 153 (27.4%) | 0.010 |
| Multifocal | 226 | 143 (63.3%) | 83 (36.7%) | |
| Bilaterality | ||||
| Unilateral | 645 | 464 (71.9%) | 181 (28.1%) | 0.009 |
| Bilateral | 140 | 85 (60.7%) | 55 (39.3%) | |
| Complicated with lymphocytic thyroiditis | ||||
| No | 664 | 462 (69.6%) | 202 (30.4%) | 0.608 |
| Yes | 121 | 87 (71.9%) | 34 (28.1%) |
LNM: lymph node metastasis.
Figure 1.
Multivariate analysis of clinicopathological factors predictive of lymph node metastasis (LNM).
3.3. Risk Factors for CLNM and LLNM in PTMC
The association between clinical parameters and CLNM/LLNM was further investigated. In univariate analysis, CLNM was significantly associated with gender, age, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, multifocality, and bilaterality (Table 3). Again, five variables were included in multivariate analysis, which showed male gender (OR = 2.070, P < 0.001), age < 55 years (OR = 2.129, P = 0.002), tumor size > 5 mm (OR = 2.772, P < 0.001), and extrathyroidal extension (OR = 2.278, P = 0.009), but not bilaterality (P = 0.068), were independent risk factors for CLNM (Figure 2).
Table 3.
Univariate analysis of clinicopathological factors predictive of central/lateral lymph node metastasis (CLNM/LLNM).
| Parameters | Total | CLNM (-) | CLNM (+) | P | LLNM (-) | LLNM (+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 189 | 111 (58.7%) | 78 (41.3%) | <0.001 | 180 (95.2%) | 9 (4.8%) | 0.372 |
| Female | 596 | 445 (74.7%) | 151 (25.3%) | 576 (96.6%) | 20 (3.4%) | ||
| Age | |||||||
| <55 | 653 | 450 (68.9%) | 203 (31.1%) | 0.009 | 626 (95.9%) | 27 (4.1%) | 0.205 |
| ≥55 | 132 | 106 (80.3%) | 26 (19.7%) | 130 (98.5%) | 2 (1.5%) | ||
| Tumor size | |||||||
| ≤5 mm | 417 | 338 (81.1%) | 79 (18.9%) | <0.001 | 413 (99.0%) | 4 (1.0%) | <0.001 |
| >5 mm | 368 | 218 (59.2%) | 150 (40.8%) | 343 (93.2%) | 25 (6.8%) | ||
| Extrathyroidal extension | |||||||
| No | 736 | 534 (72.6%) | 202 (27.4%) | <0.001 | 714 (97.0%) | 22 (3.0%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 49 | 22 (44.9%) | 27 (55.1%) | 42 (85.7%) | 7 (14.3%) | ||
| Multifocality | |||||||
| Unifocal | 559 | 409 (73.2%) | 150 (26.8%) | 0.023 | 546 (97.7%) | 13 (2.3%) | 0.001 |
| Multifocal | 226 | 147 (65.0%) | 79 (35.0%) | 210 (92.9%) | 16 (7.1%) | ||
| Bilaterality | |||||||
| Unilateral | 645 | 468 (72.6%) | 177 (27.4%) | 0.022 | 627 (97.2%) | 18 (2.8%) | 0.004 |
| Bilateral | 140 | 88 (62.9%) | 52 (37.1%) | 129 (92.1%) | 11 (7.9%) | ||
| Complicated with lymphocytic thyroiditis | |||||||
| No | 664 | 469 (70.6%) | 195 (29.4%) | 0.778 | 636 (95.8%) | 28 (4.2%) | 0.070 |
| Yes | 121 | 87 (71.9%) | 34 (28.1%) | 120 (99.2%) | 1 (0.8%) |
CLNM: central lymph node metastasis; LLNM: lateral lymph node metastasis.
Figure 2.
Multivariate analysis of clinicopathological factors predictive of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM).
LLNM was significantly associated with tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, multifocality, and bilaterality (Table 3). Unlike CLNM or LNM in general, the association between LLNM and gender or age was not significant. Besides, complication with lymphocytic thyroiditis had a marginal significant association with lower risk of LLNM (P = 0.070). Multivariate analysis included five variables, among which tumor size (OR = 6.153, P = 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (OR = 3.231, P = 0.018), and multifocality (OR = 2.641, P = 0.015) were independent risk factors for LLNM (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Multivariate analysis of clinicopathological factors predictive of lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM).
4. Discussion
As the ultrasound and imaging technique develop, preoperative identification or suspicion of PTMC has been increasingly common. There are controversies concerning surgical treatment for PTMC, especially in regional lymph node dissection. Risk stratification may indicate that different groups of patients require different treatments.
In our cohort, LNM was evident in 236 (30.2%) patients, similar to previous data of the LNM rate in nonincidental PTMC (30.0%) [10]. Skip metastasis (LLNM without CLNM) was reported to be more common in PTMC patients [11]. In this study, 7 (24% of patients with LLNM) patients had skip metastasis; the prevalence of which was similar to that in previous reports [12, 13].
In agreement with results of several previous studies, male gender was found to be an independent predictor for LNM and CLNM [14–16] in PTMC, but controversial for LLNM [12, 17–20]. A recent meta-analysis revealed that the male gender was significantly associated with LLNM in all sizes of PTC, with a pooled OR of 1.72 [21].
Numerous studies indicated that younger age (<45 years) is associated with higher risk of LNM [14, 15, 17]. According to the AJCC 8th edition of TNM staging for differentiated thyroid cancer, all patients < 55 years have stage I disease if they do not have distant metastasis; otherwise, their disease is stage II [9]. Thus, 55 years is now considered as an important age cutoff with respect to the risk of mortality. We set 55 instead of 45 years as the age cutoff to keep consistency with the novel risk stratification system. Interestingly, under this cutoff, younger age is still an independent risk factor for LNM and CLNM. Ito et al. reported that young age was an independent predictor of PTMC progression under observation, including novel LNM [22]. Based on the longer survival time as well as higher risk of LNM, central lymph node dissection is particularly necessary for younger patients. Older PTMC patients without other risk factors may be the best candidates for observation. For LLNM, the role of age in predicting LLNM risk is debatable [12, 17–19].
The primary tumor size has been addressed in most similar studies, mostly with a cutoff of 5 mm. Other cutoff values of tumor size such as 7 mm [23] or 5.75 mm [15] have also been used. Larger size (>5 mm) of PTMC was significantly associated with higher frequency of CLNM [14]. Consistently, a tumor size of >5 mm was an independent risk factor for both CLNM and LLNM in our analysis.
In this study, extrathyroidal extension (ETE) was a significant predictor for all types of cervical LNM of PTMC, consistent with previous studies [14, 16, 20].
Multifocality was found previously to be associated with LNM in the central or lateral compartment [14]. Wang et al. demonstrated in a cohort of more than 2000 patients that among patients who have multifocal PTC, those with bilateral disease have a more advanced stage and shorter DFS, due to their higher incidence of lymph node metastasis [24]. Consistently, in our results concerning PTMC, bilaterality was correlated with higher risk of LNM and CLNM and it was a better predictor than multifocality in these analyses. However, for LLNM, bilaterality was less significant than multifocality in risk prediction. Because these two features were partially overlapped, we selected the stronger predictor between multifocality and bilaterality in the multivariate regression model for each analysis.
In PTMC, the association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) coexistence and LNM risk is not yet clear. Zhang et al. found no association between CLT and cervical LNM in all sizes of PTC [25]. Jara et al. reported that in all sizes of PTC, the presence of CLT was associated with decreased risks for CLNM [26]. In our results, lymphocytic thyroiditis tended to be associated with lower LLNM frequency (0.8% versus 4.2%), though not statistically significant.
A few studies have analyzed the predictive value of several ultrasound characteristics of the primary nodule for LNM. In the study of Gui et al. [15], LNM was not correlated with composition, echogenicity, calcification, or spiculated margin. In multivariate models of Luo et al. [17], PTMC with nonuniform echoic distribution was prone to have CLNM and PTMC with ultrasound mix echo was prone to have LLNM. In our study, preoperative US characteristics were not included due to the lack of standardization of diagnostic techniques and report formats.
The major limitation of the current study is that it is a retrospective, single-institution study. Other limitations include the following: we did not distinguish the pathological subtypes of PTMC, preoperative ultrasound characteristics were not included, and LLND was only performed in patients who were diagnosed or suspected to have lateral lymph node metastasis; there might be bias in the analysis of lateral lymph node metastasis.
5. Conclusion
In PTMC, male gender, age < 55 years, tumor size > 5 mm, bilateral lesions and extrathyroidal extension are independent risk factors for LNM in general and CLNM. Prophylactic central lymph node dissection needs to be considered for clinically node-negative PTMC patients presenting with these risk factors. Tumor size > 5 mm, multifocal lesions and extrathyroidal extension are independent risk factors for LLNM. Clinical management for PTMC should be individualized based on risk stratification.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all members of the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, for the assistance with surgeries and data collection. This work was supported by Lishui Critical Research Project (grant number: 2015zdxk08).
Data Availability
The raw clinical data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Feng Cheng and Yanyan Chen contributed equally to this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The raw clinical data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.