Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether IRF7 polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IRF7, namely, rs1061501, rs1131665, and rs1061502 for genotyping using PCR-based ligase detection reaction (LDR) method in a total of 1659 participants (592 with Graves' disease, 297 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 770 healthy controls). Gene-disease and genotype-clinical phenotype associations were evaluated for the three SNPs. Our results showed that the AG genotype and the minor allele G frequency of rs1131665 and rs1061502 in AITD patients were both higher than those of the controls (rs1131665: AG genotype: P = 0.017, OR = 1.968; allele G: P = 0.018, OR = 1.946; rs1061502: AG genotype: P = 0.029, OR = 1.866; allele G: P = 0.031, OR = 1.847). Subgroup analysis also showed that the AG genotype and the minor allele G frequency of rs1131665 and rs1061502 in Graves' disease patients were both higher than those of the controls (rs1131665: AG genotype: P = 0.015, OR = 2.074; allele G: P = 0.016, OR = 2.048; rs1061502: AG genotype: P = 0.034, OR = 1.919; allele G: P = 0.035, OR = 1.898). Furthermore, the allele G frequency of rs1061501 was associated with Graves' ophthalmopathy (P = 0.035, OR = 1.396). No significant difference in IRF7 polymorphisms was found between Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients and controls. Our study has revealed for the first time that IRF7 is a susceptibility gene for AITD, especially for Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
1. Introduction
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are a type of T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune diseases, the prevalence of which is more than 5% and result from loss of immune tolerance or autoimmune attack to the thyroid itself; they mainly include Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) [1–3]. The main cause of clinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is GD and HT, respectively [1, 4]. Hyperthyroidism in GD is attributed to thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies to the TSH receptor, whereas hypothyroidism in HT is related to autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin [5]. The pathogenesis of AITD is thought to be the interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Recent studies have identified a number of susceptibility loci for AITD, including CD40 [6], interleukin 10 [7], miR-499a and miR-125a [8], cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) [9].
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs), namely, transcriptional regulators of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes, play a pivotal role in innate and adaptive immune responses [10]. IRF7, a member of the IRF family, is required for type I IFN production and can regulate type I IFN-dependent immune responses [11]. Recent studies have indicated that polymorphisms in IRF7 gene are associated with immunity-mediated diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [12, 13] and systemic sclerosis [14]. These studies have contributed to understanding the relationship between the IRF7 gene mutations and the risk of autoimmune disease, but it is unknown whether IRF7 gene variations increase or decrease the susceptibility to AITDs.
The purpose of this case-control study was to explore the association of IRF7 gene polymorphisms with AITDs in a Chinese Han population. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation between genotypes of IRF7 gene and AITD clinical phenotypes.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
A total of 1659 subjects consisting of 889 AITD patients (220 males and 669 females; mean age of 36.29 ± 14.31 years) and 770 controls (216 males and 544 females; mean age of 39.04 ± 8.79 years) were enrolled in this study. The AITD patients were clinically subdivided into 592 GD (179 males and 413 females; mean age of 36.95 ± 14.70 years) and 297 HT (41 males and 256 females; mean age of 34.96 ± 13.42 years). All the AITD patients were recruited from the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology of Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University. GD was diagnosed based on hyperthyroidism and the positive circulating thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb). HT was defined by high level of positive antibody against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) or thyroglobulin (TGAb), with or without hypothyroidism and the presence of an enlarged thyroid.
The controls were healthy individuals recruited from the Check-Up Center of the same hospital. Those controls with any autoimmune disease or family history of thyroid diseases were excluded. All subjects were of Chinese Han ethnicity. The written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital.
The clinical phenotypes of AITD patients included the presence or absence of family history within three generations, with or without ophthalmopathy, the onset age (≤18 years vs. ≥19 years), euthyroid status, or hypothyroidism in HT patients.
2.2. Genomic DNA Extraction
We obtained 2 mL of peripheral venous blood from all the subjects by venipuncture and then extracted genomic DNA using RelaxGene Blood DNA System (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. The concentration and purity of DNA from each sample were detected using NanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Company, Waltham, USA).
2.3. SNP Selection and Genotyping
We selected three loci of rs1061501, rs1131665, and rs1061502 in the IRF7 region because of their strong association with other autoimmune diseases like SLE and systemic sclerosis [13, 14]. Furthermore, marker-tagging SNPs had to meet the criteria of minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.01, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) with P > 0.01, and logarithm of odds (LOD) > 3.0.
The genotyping of three SNPs of IRF7 was performed using ligase detection reactions (LDR) platform [15–17].
2.4. Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 17.0).
The clinical data of the subjects are presented as M ± SD. The differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions were analyzed by χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. HWE test, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and haplotype frequency were performed using HaploView 4.2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for the association of genotype or allele frequencies with AITDs.
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Data Analysis
Clinical data of all the subjects were summarized in Table 1. Our study investigated 889 AITD patients, consisting of 592 GD patients (30.24% males and 69.76% females; mean age of 36.95 ± 14.70 years) and 297 HT ones (13.80% males and 86.20% females; mean age of 34.96 ± 13.42 years). Among the AITDs patients, there were 181 (20.36%) cases with a family history, 111 (12.49%) cases with ophthalmopathy, and 161 (13.72%) cases who were teenager patients with an onset age of ≤18 years old. Among the GD patients, 120 individuals had a family history, 106 had ophthalmopathy, and 83 with an onset age of ≤18 years old (20.27%, 17.91%, and 14.02%, respectively). While in the HT patients, 61 individuals had a family history, 5 had ophthalmopathy and 39 with an onset age of ≤18 years old (20.54%, 1.68%, and 13.13%, respectively).
Table 1.
Clinical data of all subjects.
| AITD | GD | HT | Control | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 889 | 592 | 297 | 770 |
| Gender | — | — | — | — |
| Male | 220 (24.75%) | 179 (30.24%) | 41 (13.80%) | 266 (34.55%) |
| Female | 669 (75.25%) | 413 (69.76%) | 256 (86.20%) | 504 (65.45%) |
| Age (mean ± s.d.) | 36.29 ± 14.31 | 36.95 ± 14.70 | 34.96 ± 13.42 | 39.04 ± 8.79 |
| Family history | — | — | — | — |
| (+) | 181 (20.36%) | 120 (20.27%) | 61 (20.54%) | — |
| (-) | 708 (79.64%) | 472 (79.73%) | 236 (79.46%) | |
| Ophthalmopathy | ||||
| (+) | 111 (12.49%) | 106 (17.91%) | 5 (1.68%) | — |
| (-) | 778 (87.51%) | 486 (82.09%) | 292 (98.32%) | — |
| Onset of age | — | |||
| ≤18 years | 122 (13.72%) | 83 (14.02%) | 39 (13.13%) | — |
| ≥19 years | 767 (86.28%) | 509 (85.98%) | 258 (86.87%) | — |
AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; GD, Graves' disease; HT, Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
3.2. Allele and Genotypic Results
The genotype distributions of these three SNPs (rs1061501/rs1131665/rs1061502) were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05) in both AITD patients and controls (data not shown). Differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of these three SNPs between AITD patients and controls were compared (Table 2). For rs1131665, the AG genotype frequency and the minor allele G frequency in AITD patients were both significantly higher than those of the controls (AG genotype: 4.5% vs. 2.3%, P = 0.017, OR = 1.968, 95% CI = 1.119-3.463; allele G: 2.2% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.018, OR = 1.946, 95% CI = 1.111-3.409). Similar trend was also found for rs1061502. However, no significant differences in both allele and genotype frequencies of rs1061501 were found between AITD patients and the controls.
Table 2.
Allele and genotype frequencies of IRF7 SNPs in controls and AITD patients.
| SNP | Genotype/allele | Control (%) | AITD (%) | P | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1061501 | AA | 344 (44.7) | 423 (47.6) | |||
| AG | 357 (46.4) | 376 (42.3) | 0.237 | — | — | |
| GG | 69 (9.0) | 90 (10.1) | ||||
| A | 1045 (67.9) | 1222 (68.7) | 0.590 | 0.961 | 0.830-1.112 | |
| G | 495 (32.1) | 556 (31.3) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| rs1131665 | AA | 752 (97.7) | 849 (95.5) | |||
| AG | 18 (2.3) | 40 (4.5) | 0.017 | 1.968 | 1.119-3.463 | |
| GG | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| A | 1522 (98.8) | 1738 (97.8) | 0.018 | 1.946 | 1.111-3.409 | |
| G | 18 (1.2) | 40 (2.2) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| rs1061502 | AA | 752 (97.7) | 851 (95.7) | |||
| AG | 18 (2.3) | 38 (4.3) | 0.029 | 1.866 | 1.056-3.296 | |
| GG | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| A | 1522 (98.8) | 1740 (97.9) | 0.031 | 1.847 | 1.050-3.249 | |
| G | 18 (1.2) | 38 (2.1) | ||||
AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
As shown in Table 3, subgroup analysis showed that the AG genotype frequency of rs1131665 and rs1061502 in GD patients was significantly higher than that of the controls (P = 0.015, OR = 2.074, 95% CI = 1.136-3.787; P = 0.034, OR = 1.919, 95% CI = 1.042-3.535, respectively). The minor allele G frequency of rs1131665 and rs1061502 in GD patients was also significantly higher than that of the controls (P = 0.016, OR = 2.048, 95% CI = 1.127-3.721; P = 0.035, OR = 1.898, 95% CI = 1.036-3.479, respectively). No significant difference in the three SNPs, however, was found between HT patients and the controls.
Table 3.
Allele and genotype frequencies of IRF7 SNPs in GD, HT patients, and controls.
| SNP | Control (%) | GD (%) | P | OR (95% CI) | HT (%) | P | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1061501 | |||||||
| AA | 344 (44.7) | 281 (47.5) | 0.565 | — | 142 (47.8) | 0.074 | — |
| AG | 357 (46.4) | 258 (43.6) | — | — | 118 (39.7) | — | — |
| GG | 69 (9.0) | 53 (9.0) | — | — | 37 (12.5) | — | — |
| A | 1045 (67.9) | 820 (69.3) | 0.436 | 0.937 (0.796-1.103) | 402 (67.7) | 0.936 | 1.008 (0.823-1.235) |
| G | 495 (32.1) | 364 (30.7) | 192 (32.3) | ||||
| rs1131665 | |||||||
| AA | 752 (97.7) | 564 (95.3) | 0.015 | 2.074 (1.136-3.787) | 285 (96.0) | 0.132 | 1.759 (0.837-3.698) |
| AG | 18 (2.3) | 28 (4.7) | 12 (4.0) | — | |||
| GG | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| A | 1522 (98.8) | 1156 (97.6) | 0.016 | 2.048 (1.127-3.721) | 582 (98.0) | 0.134 | 1.743 (0.835-3.642) |
| G | 18 (1.2) | 28 (2.4) | 12 (2.0) | ||||
| rs1061502 | |||||||
| AA | 752 (97.7) | 566 (95.6) | 0.034 | 1.919 (1.042-3.535) | 285 (96.0) | 0.132 | 1.759 (0.837-3.698) |
| AG | 18 (2.3) | 26 (4.4) | 12 (4.0) | — | |||
| GG | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| A | 1522 (98.8) | 1158 (97.8) | 0.035 | 1.898 (1.036-3.479) | 582 (98.0) | 0.134 | 1.743 (0.835-3.642) |
| G | 18 (1.2) | 26 (2.2) | 12 (2.0) |
GD, Graves' disease; HT, Hashimoto's thyroiditis; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
3.3. Genotype and Clinical Phenotype Correlations
We also analyzed the association of genotypes with clinical phenotypes, including age of onset (≤18 years old or ≥19 years old) in AITD patients, with or without ophthalmopathy in GD patients, hypothyroidism, or euthyroidism in HT patients.
Table 4 displayed that the allele G frequency of rs1061501 in GD patients with ophthalmopathy was significantly higher than that of GD patients without ophthalmopathy (P = 0.035, OR = 1.396, 95% CI = 1.023-1.906). As shown in Tables 5 and 6, we did not find any difference in specific genotype frequency or allele frequency in AITD patients with different age of disease onset, also in HT patients accompanied with hypothyroidism or not (all P > 0.05).
Table 4.
IRF7 genotype and allele distribution in ophthalmopathy or nonophthalmopathy GD patients.
| SNP | GD | P | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ophthalmopathy | Nonophthalmopathy | |||
| rs1061501 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 41 (38.7%) | 240 (49.4%) | — | — |
| AG | 52 (49.1) | 206 (42.4%) | 0.102 | — |
| GG | 13 (12.3) | 40 (8.2%) | — | — |
| A | 134 (63.2%) | 686 (70.6%) | 0.035 | 1.396 (1.023-1.906) |
| G | 78 (32.8%) | 286 (29.4%) | — | — |
| rs1131665 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 104 (99.1%) | 460 (97.3%) | — | — |
| AG | 2 (0.9%) | 26 (2.7%) | 0.128 | 2.939 (0.687-12.579) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 210 (98.2%) | 946 (97.6%) | 0.133 | 2.886 (0.680-12.253) |
| G | 2 (1.8%) | 26 (2.4%) | — | — |
| rs1061502 | — | — | ||
| AA | 104 (99.1%) | 462 (95.1%) | — | — |
| AG | 2 (0.9%) | 24 (4.9%) | 0.259 | 2.701 (0.629-11.610) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 210 (98.2%) | 948 (97.5%) | 0.265 | 2.658 (0.623-11.335) |
| G | 2 (1.8%) | 24 (2.5%) | — | — |
GD, Graves' disease; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
Table 5.
Allele and genotype distribution of IRF7 in AITDs patients with or without early onset age.
| SNP | Onset age of AITDs patients | P | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤18 | ≥19 | |||
| rs1061501 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 65 (53.3%) | 358 (46.7%) | — | — |
| AG | 48 (39.3) | 328 (42.8%) | 0.315 | — |
| GG | 9 (7.4) | 81 (10.6%) | — | — |
| A | 178 (73%) | 1044 (68.1%) | 0.126 | 1.266 (0.936-1.712) |
| G | 66 (27%) | 490 (31.9%) | — | — |
| rs1131665 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 115 (94.3%) | 734 (95.7%) | — | — |
| AG | 7 (5.7%) | 33 (4.3%) | 0.477 | 0.739 (0.319-1.709) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 237 (97.1%) | 1501 (97.8%) | 0.483 | 0.744 (0.326-1.702) |
| G | 7 (2.9%) | 33 (2.2%) | — | — |
| rs1061502 | — | — | ||
| AA | 115 (94.3%) | 736 (96%) | — | — |
| AG | 7 (5.7%) | 31 (4%) | 0.390 | 0.692 (0.298-1.608) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 237 (97.1%) | 1503 (98%) | 0.395 | 0.698 (0.304-1.604) |
| G | 7 (2.9%) | 31 (2%) | — | — |
AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
Table 6.
IRF7 genotype and allele distribution in clinical subphenotype of HT patients.
| SNP | HT | P | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism | Nonhypothyroidism | |||
| rs1061501 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 94 (48.5%) | 48 (46.6%) | — | — |
| AG | 73 (37.6) | 45 (43.7%) | 0.443 | — |
| GG | 27 (13.9) | 10 (9.7%) | — | — |
| A | 261 (67.3%) | 141 (68.4%) | 0.770 | 0.947 (0.659-1.361) |
| G | 127 (32.7%) | 65 (31.6%) | — | — |
| rs1131665 | — | — | — | — |
| AA | 187 (96.4%) | 98 (95.1%) | — | — |
| AG | 7 (3.6%) | 5 (4.9%) | 0.834 | 1.363 (0.422-4.406) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 381 (98.2%) | 201 (97.6%) | 0.836 | 1.354 (0.424-4.320) |
| G | 7 (1.8%) | 5 (2.4%) | — | — |
| rs1061502 | — | — | ||
| AA | 187 (96.4%) | 98 (95.1%) | — | — |
| AG | 7 (3.6%) | 5 (4.9%) | 0.834 | 1.363 (0.422-4.406) |
| GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — |
| A | 381 (98.2%) | 201 (97.6%) | 0.836 | 1.354 (0.424-4.320) |
| G | 7 (1.8%) | 5 (2.4%) | — | — |
HT, Hashimoto's thyroiditis; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
4. Discussion
To our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the association of IRF7 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to AITDs. Our results showed that AG genotype and the minor G allele of rs1131665 and rs1061502 significantly increased the risk of AITDs and GD. More importantly, the minor G allele of rs1061501 was associated with ophthalmopathy in GD patients.
In concordance with our study, Fu et al. have shown that the polymorphisms of rs1131665 in IRF7 conferred susceptibility to the development of SLE in multiple ethnic groups, including Asians, Chinese, and European Americans. Moreover, their meta-analysis provided direct genetic evidence that IRF7 is a risk gene for human SLE [18]. Another study involving 2316 SSc patients and 2347 healthy controls demonstrated a significant association of rs1131665 polymorphisms with the presence of anticentromere autoantibodies (ACA) in SSc patients [14]. The TT genotype and T allele of rs1061501 in IRF7 were also found to be associated with an increased risk of developing SLE among Taiwanese patients, but no significant difference in rs1061502 SNP was found between SLE patients and controls [13]. One possible explanation is that their small sample size (92 SLE patients and 92 healthy controls) caused lower statistical power.
IRF7 is localized on human chromosome 11p15.5 and interacts with the MyD88 adaptor protein downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling [19]. IRF7 can induce a large amount of type I IFN after being activated by TLR7 and TLR9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells [20]. Interferon- (INF-) α, a type 1 INF, is widely used to treat chronic hepatitis C for its antiviral effects [21]. Furthermore, INF-α is also strongly linked with the occurrence of AITDs because it can evoke antibody-mediated immune responses [22, 23]. One study revealed that overt AITD occurred in about 5–10% of INF-α-treated patients [24]. A recent study has also found that 2% of patients developed hyperthyroidism in the HCV-positive patients during a 12-week course of INF-α antiviral therapy [25]. Therefore, studies have indicated that INF-α is one of the important immune factors that induce AITDs [26, 27].
Our results demonstrated that the AG genotype and minor allele G frequency of rs1131665 and rs1061502 in AITD patients and GD patients were both significantly higher than those of the controls, suggesting that minor allele G may be a risk factor for AITD and GD. However, neither the genotype nor allele of rs1131665, rs1061501, and rs1061502 was found to be associated with HT, indicating that the three SNPs were not involved in the pathogenesis of HT. These different results of the IRF7 SNPs in GD and HT may be attributed to their different etiology. Intriguingly, the further genotyping-clinical phenotype correlation analysis showed that the allele G frequency of rs1061501 in GD patients with ophthalmopathy was significantly higher than that of GD patients without ophthalmopathy, conferring a significant degree of risk for ophthalmopathy in GD patients. Graves' ophthalmopathy, a common extrathyroidal manifestation of GD, affects 25-50% of GD patients to various extent [28]. To date, its etiology remains unclear. To our knowledge, some genes have been related to Graves' ophthalmopathy, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α [29–31]. Our results suggested the association of IRF7 polymorphisms with Graves' ophthalmopathy, thus adding IRF7 to the list of predisposing genes of Graves' ophthalmopathy. But according to our existing data, we cannot evaluate the association of IRF7 polymorphisms with the clinical activity, severity, and response to treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy, which needs to be further studied in the future.
Above all, our study was the first to investigate the association of IRF7 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to AITD. Our study suggests that IRF7 is a crucial risk factor for AITD and GD. Further researches aiming at identifying the function and mechanism of IRF7 in AITDs are needed to be conducted. Our results are needed to perform in other population. In addition, more attention should be paid to other loci of IRF7 and the potential roles of IRF7 in other autoimmune diseases.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all of the people who took part in the studies. This project was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471004, 81670722).
Data Availability
The data analyzed during this study have been provided in the manuscript and any further information can be made available on request to the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no competing interest and are responsible for the content and writing of the article.
Authors' Contributions
Qiuming Yao conducted the research and wrote the manuscript. Qiuming Yao and Xiaofei An analyzed the data. Xiaofei An, Jing Zhang, Kaida Mu, Ling Li, and Ronghua Song contributed to the recruitment of the subject and the collection of the clinical data. Peilong Sun and Jin-an Zhang designed the study and corrected the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data analyzed during this study have been provided in the manuscript and any further information can be made available on request to the corresponding author.