Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls in Ghana and the Uganda EMBLEM study.
| Characteristics | Ghana |
Uganda |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (%)a, b | Cases (%)a | p value | Controls (%)a | Cases (%)a | p value | |
| All subjects | 149 | 150 | 600 | 194 | ||
| Sex | 1 | 0·222 | ||||
| Female | 54 (36%) | 55 (37%) | 271 (45%) | 76 (39%) | ||
| Male | 95 (64%) | 95 (63%) | 329 (55%) | 115 (59%) | ||
| Age group, years | 0·759 | 0·731 | ||||
| ‘0–2 | 5 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 33 (6%) | 7 (4%) | ||
| ‘3–5 | 26 (17%) | 29 (19%) | 73 (12%) | 27 (14%) | ||
| ‘6–8 | 54 (36%) | 62 (41%) | 162 (27%) | 48 (25%) | ||
| ‘9–11 | 43 (29%) | 36 (24%) | 191 (32%) | 60 (31%) | ||
| ‘12–14 | 13 (9%) | 13 (9%) | 129 (22%) | 49 (25%) | ||
| 15+ | 8 (5%) | 8 (5%) | 12 (2%) | 3 (2%) | ||
| Enrolment years | 0·042 | |||||
| 1965–1974 | 53 (36%) | 46 (31%) | – | – | ||
| 1975–1984 | 45 (30%) | 66 (44%) | – | – | ||
| 1985–1994 | 51 (34%) | 38 (25%) | – | – | ||
| 2010–2012 | 60 (10%) | 104 (54%) | ||||
| 2013–2015 | 540 (90%) | 90 (46%) | <0·0001 | |||
| Enrollment season | <0·0001 | |||||
| Dry | – | – | 443 (74%) | 89 (46%) | ||
| Wet | – | – | 157 (26%) | 105 (54%) | ||
| Rural/urban | 0·840 | |||||
| Rural | – | – | 380 (63%) | 115 (59%) | ||
| Urban | – | – | 220 (37%) | 70 (36%) | ||
| Proximity to surface water | <0·0001 | |||||
| Near | – | – | 166 (28%) | 25 (13%) | ||
| Far | – | – | 434 (72%) | 160 (82%) | ||
| Region | – | 1 | ||||
| Northwest | – | – | 134 (22%) | 43 (22%) | ||
| North-central | – | – | 466 (78%) | 151 (78%) | ||
| Outpatient malaria | <0·0001 | |||||
| In past 12 months | – | – | 407 (68%) | 88 (45%) | ||
| >12 months ago | – | – | 55 (9%) | 43 (22%) | ||
| No | – | – | 134 (22%) | 60 (31%) | ||
| Inpatient malaria | – | 0·0461 | ||||
| In past 12 months | – | – | 83 (14%) | 15 (8%) | ||
| >12 months ago | – | – | 116 (19%) | 47 (24%) | ||
| No | 396 (66%) | 129 (66%) | ||||
| Malaria infection | 1 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Positive | 102 (68%) | 103 (69%) | 330 (55%) | 68 (35%) | ||
| Negative | 47 (32%) | 47 (31%) | 270 (45%) | 124 (64%) | ||
| Sickle cell genotype | 0·013 | |||||
| AA | – | – | 490 (82%) | 166 (86%) | ||
| AS/SS | – | – | 110 (18%) | 19 (10%) | ||
a
Percentages do not add up to 100% for covariates missing data for certain categories.
b
Quality control failed for IgG results from one control subject, so this subject was excluded from all analyses.