Abstract Abstract
The Solfugae fauna of Canada includes three known species: Eremobatesdocolora Brookhart and Muma, E.scaber (Kraepelin), and Hemerotrechadenticulata Muma. It is expected that as many as four additional species may be found in Canada. Only one Barcode Index Number is currently known from Canadian specimens.
Keywords: biodiversity assessment, Biota of Canada, camel spiders, solifugids
The arachnid order Solifugae, commonly known as camel spiders, wind scorpions, or sun spiders, is a relatively small order with over 1100 described species, about 200 of which occur in North America (Harvey 2003, Brookhart and Brookhart 2006, Cushing et al. 2015). The order has been documented from the western Canadian provinces ranging from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern British Columbia. This corresponds generally to the Canadian Prairies and Western Interior Basin ecozones. Currently three species, Eremobatesdocolora Brookhart and Muma from Alberta and Saskatchewan, and E.scaber (Kraepelin) and Hemerotrechadenticulata Muma from British Columbia, have been recorded from Canada, all in the family Eremobatidae (Dondale 1979, Holmberg and Buckle 1992, Brookhart and Brookhart 2006) (Table 1). Dondale (1979) reported E.gladiolus Muma and Holmberg and Buckle (1982) added E.pallipes (Say), E.scaber (Kraepelin) and the genera Eremochelis and Hemerotrecha from Canada. Subsequently, E.gladiolus was synonymized with E.scaber by Brookhart and Cushing (2004), and Holmberg and Buckle (1992) determined that their report of E.pallipes and Eremochelis was based on misidentification.
Table 1.
Census of Solifugae in Canada.
| Taxon | No. species reported in Dondale (1979) | No. species currently known from Canada1 | No. BINs1 available for Canadian species | Est. no. undescribed or unrecorded species in Canada | General distribution by ecozone2 | Information sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eremobatidae | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | Western Interior Basin, Prairies | Dondale 1979, Holmberg and Buckle 1982, 1992, Brookhart and Brookhart 2006 |
1Barcode Index Number, as defined in Ratnasingham and Hebert (2013). 2See figure 1 in Langor (2019) for a map of ecozones.
Four undescribed species, two Eremobates and two Hemerotrecha, have been proposed from Canada (Holmberg and Buckle 1992), although these have not been formally described. These were collected from dry grassland habitats in Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia (Brookhart and Brookhart 2006). These records are the basis for the estimate of four additional species remaining to be described from Canada (Table 1).
Presently, there are six specimens in the Barcodes of Life Data (BOLD) System from British Columbia, represented by one Barcode Index Number (BIN) (Table 1). These specimens are identified in BOLD as Eremobatesgladiolus, a junior synonym of E.scaber.
The low species diversity of this order of arachnids in Canada can be attributed to the lack of suitable habitats and climatic conditions in these northern latitudes for a group adapted to dry, warm, xeric conditions with open, sandy soils (Punzo 1998). Solifugae are best adapted to desert and semi-desert environments and are not well adapted to cold or temperate regions (Cloudsley-Thompson 1977), although at least one species, Uspallatapulchra Mello-Leitão, 1938 (Mummuciidae), has been reported from a high elevation site (3670 m) in Chile (Muma 1971). Future work on this order should focus on obtaining DNA barcode data from all taxa including the suspected new species.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript was supported by National Science Foundation Grant # DEB-1754587 awarded to PEC.
Citation
Cushing PE, Brookhart JO (2019) Solifugae of Canada. In: Langor DW, Sheffield CS (Eds) The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 73–75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.819.25166
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