Table 1.

Targets of DIFs found in mammalian cells.

DIF Species Examined	Target of DIF	Biological Activities	Reference
DIF-1, DIF-3	PDE1	Direct inhibition of PDE1 activity	[76]
DIF-1	mMDH	Direct inhibition of mMDH activity	[100]
DIF-1, DIF-3, & their derivatives	Mitochondria	Uncoupling of mitochondrial activity	[72,77]
DIF-3 derivatives (e.g., DIF-3(+1))	PAK1	Direct inhibition of PAK1 activity	[74]