Table 2.
Estimated associations between maternal thyroid disorders and offspring ADHD or related behaviors.
| Estimated associations between maternal thyroid disorders and ADHD or related behaviors | ||
|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Outcome (Time) | Estimate |
| Hypothyroxinemia | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HRoverall = 1.46 (1.04, 2.06) |
| HRboys = 1.16 (0.76, 1.77) | ||
| HRgirls = 2.28 (1.21, 4.29) | ||
| Oostenbroek, 201744 | Teacher SDQ hyperactivity/inattention (5 yrs) | ORft4<10th %tile = 1.47 (0.99, 2.20) |
| ORft4<5th %tile = 1.70 (1.01, 2.86) | ||
| Parent SDQ hyperactivity/inattention (5 yrs) | ORft4<10th %tile = 0.85 (0.50, 1.46) | |
| ORft4<5th %tile = 0.78 (0.36, 1.66) | ||
| Modesto 20159 | CPRS ADHD symptoms (8 yrs) | β = 0.07 (0.003, 0.14) |
| Vermiglio 200446 | DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis (8-10 yrs) | χ2 = 2.34, p = .001 |
| Ghassabian 201442 | CBCL ADHD symptoms (6 yrs) | β = 0.12 (−0.04, 0.27), p = 0.14 |
| Päkkilä 201443 | RB2 inattention & hyperactivity (8 yrs) | ORboys = 0.61 (0.18, 2.03) |
| RB2 inattention & hyperactivity (8 yrs) | No exposed girls with combined symptoms estimate | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) |
| Instanes 201610 | ADHD prescription (3+ yrs) | OR = 1.2 (1, 1.4) |
| Samadi 201547 | BRIEF impaired working memory (9-14 yrs) | MD = 6.84, p = 0.067a |
| Haddow 199911 | CPT distractibility (7-9 yrs) | MD = −3, p = 0.08 |
| CPT impaired sustained attention (7-9 yrs) | OR = 3 (1, 5) | |
| Overt Hypothyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 0.98 (0.44, 2.20) |
| Subclinical Hypothyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 1.06 (0.76, 1.48) |
| Modesto 20159 | CPRS ADHD symptoms (8 yrs) | β = −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) |
| Thyroid dysfunction | ||
| Komendova, 201850 | WISC-III freedom from distractibility (6-9 yrs) | MD = 0.38 (−4.76, 5.52) |
| Päkkilä 201549 | SWAN ADHD symptoms (16 yrs) | NS |
| Hyperthyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 1.11 (0.79, 1.57) |
| Instanes 201610 | ADHD prescription (3+ years) | OR = 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
| Andersen 201448 | ICD-10 ADHD prescription/diagnosis (3-18 yrs) | NS based on figure 3 |
| Overt Hyperthyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 0.93 (0.53, 1.62) |
| Subclinical Hyperthyroidism | ||
| Andersen 201845 | ADHD prescription (8.4 yrs median) | HR = 1.24 (0.81, 1.90) |
Abbreviations: ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, BRIEF = Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function, CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist, CPRS = Conner’s Parent Rating Scale – Revised, CPT = Conners Continuous Performance Test, mos = months, HR = Hazard ratio, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, MD = Mean Difference, NR = Not Reported, NS = Not significant, OR = Odds ratio, RB2 = Rutter B2 Scale – Finnish Version, SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SWAN = Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior, WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, yrs = years, %tile = Percentile.
The mean difference was computed by subtracting the score in the unexposed group (48.06) from the score in the group exposed to maternal hypothyroidism (54.90).