Abstract
BCL6 (3q27) rearrangement is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Previously, studies on the association between BCL6 rearrangement and DLBCL outcome remain controversial. Here we systematically reviewed literatures to identify the prognostic significance of BCL6 rearrangement in DLBCL. Meta-analytic methods are used to obtain pooled estimates of the association between BCL6 rearrangement and prognosis in DLBCL patients treated with different chemotherapy regimens. A total of 22 studies are enrolled in the cohort, involving 3037 patients. BCL6 rearrangement is verified to be negatively associated with overall survival (OS) (HR=1.36, p=0.000), but not with progression-free survival (PFS). Moreover, the subgroup analyses show that BCL6 rearrangement is prognostic only in DLBCLs treated with rituximab-containing regimens.
Keywords: BCL6, rearrangement, prognosis, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, meta-analysis.
Introduction
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is the most frequent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), exhibits great biological heterogeneity and invasiveness 1, 2. Over the last decade, complete response (CR) and outcome in DLBCL patients have improved since rituximab (R) was added to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) 3. However, R-CHOP is found to be inadequate in 30% to 40% of patients, resulting in primary refractory or relapsed DLBCL, better treatment strategies are needed. In addition, although the international prognostic index (IPI) has been commonly used for risk stratification of NHL 4, prognostic markers applicable primarily for DLBCL are still lacking. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to identify more prognostic markers for formulating the individualized regimens.
BCL6 is an oncogene that functions as a central regulator of germinal center development of B cells, and BCL6 expression is higher in the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtpye than in the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype of DLBCL 5, 6. Among all types of chromosomal aberrations, BCL6 (3q27) rearrangement is the most common chromosomal abnormality, accounting for nearly half of the patients 7. Previous studies on the association between BCL6 rearrangement and survival of DLBCL patients had showed conflicting results 8-10. Moreover, Sehn et al. found that the predictive significance of some prognostic factors might change with the usage of rituximab 1. Therefore, further investigation is needed to reevaluate the relationship between BCL6 rearrangement and DLBCL.
In this study, we found that BCL6 rearrangement is significantly associated with poor outcome and linked with rituximab plus chemotherapy in a large cohort of DLBCL patients.
Methods
Literature search and study selection
A PubMed literature search updated through Augest 14, 2018, was mainly conducted to identify studies that compared BCL6 normal in DLBCL with BCL6 rearrangement and had information on disease risk and outcome. Specific search terms and all possible combinations were “BCL6”, “LAZ3”, “rearrangement”, “translocation”, “abnormalities” and “diffuse large B-cell lymphoma”, “non-Hodgkin's lymphoma”. Moreover, we searched PMC, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases to get a more comprehensive coverage and more updated information and examined the references to identify additional studies for inclusion. The latest study was chosen to avoid duplicate analysis when studies had overlapping population.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Four primary investigators (Shu Li, Zhan Wang, Liming Lin and Zhaoxing Wu) independently conducted data extraction and quality assessment. Disagreements were appraised by another two reviewers (Qingfeng Yu and Feiqiong Gao). The following information was extracted from eligible studies: first author, year of publication, study region, characteristics of the study population, sample size (total cases, BCL6 rearrangement cases, BCL6 normal cases), outcome type, hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) and the clinical-pathological data. If the HR and the corresponding 95% CI were not reported directly, data were extracted from the survival curve by utilizing Engauge Digitizer version 4.1 (http:// digitizer.sourceforge.net/). In addition, when the eligible studies did not present enough data, corresponding authors were contacted.
The quality of each eligible study was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). In the terms of the three components (selection, comparability, and exposure or outcome) of the NOS system, only studies with score of 4 or above were absorbed in our study.
Statistical analysis
For dichotomous variables, we aggregated the pooled HRs and the 95% CIs to predicate the impact of BCL6 rearrangement on both OS and PFS of DLBCL. The method was appropriate for subgroup analyses. We also calculated the odd ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% CI to assess the correlation between BCL6 rearrangement and the clinical-pathological features of DLBCL. The inconsistency index (I2) statistic and the Q statistic were used to test the statistical heterogeneity between the trials included in the meta-analysis. p<0.1 and I2>50% for the Q-test indicated substantial heterogeneity, a random-effect model was used. A fixed-effect model was used for secondary analysis when outcomes met fine heterogeneity (p>0.1; I2≤50%). Publication bias was evaluated via Egger's and Begg's test. All the data calculations were performed by STATA version 12.0 software (Stata Corporation, Collage Station, Texas, USA). A two-tailed p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Literature search and study characteristics
The flowchart of the article screening was shown in Figure 1. After repeatedly siftings abstracts, titles and full-text, a total of 22 literatures met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study 8-29. The characteristics of the eligible studies were shown in Table 1.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of eligibles studies screening and the selection process.
Table 1.
Characteristics summary of the 22 eligible studies in the meta-analysis of BCL6 rearrangement and DLBCL.
| Study | Year | Region | Number of patients (P/N) |
Median age (years) |
Median follow-up (months, range) |
Detection method | Main therapy regimen | Outcome | HR | BCL6 rearrangement And OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akay (13) | 2014 | Turkey | 44 (20/24) | 56.6 | NR | FISH | NR | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Ye (14) | 2015 | America | 628 (145/483) | 64 | 58.9 (1-187) | FISH | R-CHOP | OS, PFS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Akyurek (15) | 2012 | Turkey | 239 (69/170) | 59 | 26 (2-96) | FISH | R-CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor prognosis |
| López (16) | 2016 | Spain | 171 (51/120) | NR | NR | FISH | R-CHOP and R-CHOP-like regimens | OS, PFS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Liang (27) | 2015 | China | 105 (23/82) | 57 | 66.1 (0.5-127.9) | FISH | CHOP or R-CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor prognosis |
| Shustik (17) | 2009 | England | 164 (32/132) | NR | 38.4 (3.6-104.4) | FISH | CHOP or R-CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor pronosis |
| Gao (10) | 2014 | China | 65 (39/26) | 59 | 20.7 (2.4-51.5) | FISH | CHOP or R-CHOP | OS | Reported in text | Poor prognosis |
| Kramer (28) | 1998 | the Netherlands | 116 (36/80) | NR | NR | Southern Blot | Doxorubicin-containing polychemotherapy with or without radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Akasaka (24) | 2000 | Japan | 203 (43/160) | NR | NR | Southern Blot | Combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin or other anthracyclines | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor prognosis |
| Bergman (18) | 2009 | France | 69 (21/48) | 67 | 80.4 (1.2-96) | Southern Blot | R-CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor prognosis |
| Barrans (22) | 2001 | England | 111 (28/83) | 66 | 27.4 (0.7-180.4) | FISH | CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Poor prognosis |
| Han (19) | 2013 | China | 59 (22/37) | NR | NR | FISH | CHOP or R-CHOP | OS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Kawasaki (20) | 2009 | Japan | 137 (22/115) | 61 | 25 (0.1-99) | Southern Blot | NR | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Chen (8) | 2001 | China | 59 (10/49) | NR | NR | Southern Blot | Without any chemotherapy | OS, PFS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Pescarmona (25) | 1997 | Italy | 41 (10/31) | NR | 38.5 (NR) | Southern Blot | NR | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Kawamoto (12) | 2016 | Japan | 61 (8/53) | 62 | 40 (2-127) | FISH | RCHOP or R-CHOP-like regimens | OS, PFS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Niitsu (21) | 2007 | Japan | 186 (43/143) | 64 | 48 (24-72) | FISH | CyclOBEAP regimens | OS, PFS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Jerkeman (23) | 2002 | Sweden and Norway | 44 (NR) | 47 | 71 (NR) | Southern Blot | CHOP or MACOP-B | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Pedersen (11) | 2017 | Denmark | 99 (27/72) | NR | NR | FISH | R-CHOP or R-CHOEP | OS, PFS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Horn (9) | 2013 | Germany | 199 (55/144) | 68 | NR | FISH | R-CHOP or R-CHOEP | OS | Reported in text | Not relevant |
| Vitolo (26) | 1998 | Italy | 71 (11/60) | 66 | 36(NR) | Southern Blot | MACOP-B | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
| Clipson (29) | 2015 | England | 166 (40/126) | NR | NR | FISH | R-CHOP | OS | Data-extrapped | Not relevant |
Abbreviations: DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progress-free survival; FISH, interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization; CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; R-CHOP, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; CyclOBEAP, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, bleomycine, etoposide, doxorubicin, prednisone; MACOP-B, methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, bleomycin; DA-EPOCH-R, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin and rituximab; CT, chemotherapy; CTC, corticotherapy; ACOPB, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, bleomycin; RT, radiotherapy; ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation; NR, not reported.
The twenty-two studies were published between 1997 and 2017, enrolling 3037 patients, the median age was 62 years, and the follow-up ranged from 1 to 187 months. Overall, 4 each were conducted in China and Japan, 2 in Turkey, 3 in America and England, and the remaining articles were from other 7 different countries. Of the 22 studies included, 22 provided the HR of OS and 7 provided the HR of PFS. Among studies related to BCL6 rearrangement and OS, 7 10, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27 concluded that BCL6 rearrangement alone was a marker of poor prognosis, while others 8, 9, 11-14, 16, 19-21, 23, 26, 28, 29 considered that the individual BCL6 rearrangement was not associated with the prognosis. In PFS related studies, only Niitsu et al 21 reported BCL6 rearrangement was associated with better outcome, other groups 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21 found no relevance between BCL6 rearrangement and PFS. The discrepancy was mainly focused on whether individual BCL6 rearrangement could serve as an indicator of poor prognosis.
Moreover, most studies provided the chemotherapy regimens, and Shustik et al investigated the relationship between BCL6 rearrangement and the outcome of DLBCL patients in groups with or without rituximab 17. Thus, how rituximab affects the prognostic value of BCL6 rearrangement was analyzed through calculating the pooled HRs in separate groups.
The association between BCL6 rearrangement and the survival of DLBCL patients
The pooled HRs of the OS provided in 22 articles was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.08-1.71, p=0.000), accompanied with a statistical heterogeneity (I2=57.4%, p=0.000) (Figure 2A). A meta-analysis on 6 studies was performed to analyze the correlation between BCL6 rearrangement and PFS. The combined HR for PFS was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.72-1.11, p=0.573) with a fine heterogeneity (I2=14.0%, p=0.325) (Figure 2B). The results demonstrated that BCL6 rearrangement was negatively associated with OS, but no PFS and BCL6 rearrangement may be an independent prognostic factor in DLBCL.
Figure 2.
Forest plot of Hazard ratios for BCL-6 rearrangement and overall survival (A) or progress-free survival (B) of DLBCL. rBCL-6, BCL-6 rearrangement; nBCL-6, BCL-6 normal; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
The subgroup and sensitivity analyses
Subgroup analysis of OS was performed according to publication era, study location, number of patients, statistical approach and test methods. The results revealed a significant negative association between BCL6 rearrangement and OS was exhibited in all strata (Table 2). Additionally, to define the role of rituximab in the association between BCL6 rearrangement and OS, subgroups with chemotherapy regimens were also evaluated for DLBCL. The pooled HRs for DLBCL with rituximab treatment was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.03-1.87, p=0.033), while for DLBCL without rituximab was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.73-1.90, p=0.498) (Figure 3; Table 2).
Table 2.
Subgroup analysis for the prognostic values of BCL-6 rearrangement with OS in DLBCL patients.
| Stratifies endpoints | Number of Studies | Number of patients | Pooled HR (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | P value | |||||
| Study location | ||||||
| Europe and America | 14 | 2162 | 1.371 (1.048-1.794) | 0.021 | 57.4% | 0.000 |
| Asia | 8 | 875 | 1.338 (0.843-2.124) | 0.217 | 66.2% | 0.004 |
| Number of patients | ||||||
| ≥100 | 9 | 1851 | 1.213 (1.018-1.444) | 0.031 | 69.8% | 0.001 |
| <100 | 13 | 1186 | 1.682 (1.336-2.571) | 0.000 | 33.1% | 0.117 |
| Test method | ||||||
| FISH | 15 | 2366 | 1.437 (1.219-1.731) | 0.001 | 60.7% | 0.000 |
| Southern Blot | 7 | 671 | 1.205 (0.928-1.562) | 0.054 | 51.6% | 0.161 |
| Chemotherapy regimens | ||||||
| With rituximab | 10 | 1837 | 1.387 (1.026-1.874) | 0.033 | 53.0% | 0.024 |
| Without rituximab | 6 | 731 | 1.179 (0.732-1.900) | 0.498 | 67.4% | 0.009 |
Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoms; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3.
The hazard ratio of BCL-6 rearrangement associated with the overall survival of DLBCL with and without rituximab treatment. rBCL-6, BCL-6 rearrangement; nBCL-6, BCL-6 normal; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
The result of sensitivity analysis of OS showed that the gathered HR ranged from 1.31 (95% CI: 1.05-1.63) of the study of Gao et al. 10 to 1.44 (95% CI: 1.16-1.78) of the study of Horn et al. 9. It suggested that the negative association between BCL6 rearrangement and prognosis of DLBCL patients existed no matter which study was excluded (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Sensitivity analysis for the meta-analysis of overall survival (A) and progress-free survival (B) in all patients with DLBCL. CI, confidence interval.
Association between BCL6 rearrangement and clinico-pathological characteristics of DLBCL
Clinical-pathological analysis of OS was performed according to the common parameters, such as tumor stage, immunophenotypes of DLBCL, IPI score, serums LDH. Six studies were chosen to assess the association between BCL6 rearrangement and DLBCL immunophenotype. The combined OR was 0.454 (95% CI: 0.292-0.704, p=0.000), which indicated that BCL6 rearrangement was correlated with differentiation of DLBCL. Correlation between BCL6 rearrangement and serum LDH was also evaluated in eight studies. The pooled OR was 2.188 (95% CI: 1.667-2.874, p=0.000), suggesting that BCL6 rearrangement was superior to be associated with elevated serum LDH. BCL6 rearrangement was likely to accompany with high IPI score, which was an established prognostic factor 1 (HR=1.215, 95% CI: 1.031-1.433, p=0.042). However, there was no significant association between BCL6 rearrangement and other parameters, particularly for BCL6 expression. The pooled OR was shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Summary estimates of the OR for the associations of BCL-6 rearrangement and clinical-pathological features of DLBCL.
| Clinicopathological features | Number of studies | Number of patients | Pooled OR (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | P value | |||||
| Age (<60 vs. ≥60) | 5 | 485 | 0.943 (0.771-1.153) | 0.566 | 0.00% | 0.595 |
| Gender (Female vs. Male) | 8 | 838 | 0.897 (0.746-1.079) | 0.248 | 0.00% | 0.631 |
| Tumor stage (I-II vs. III-IV) | 10 | 1083 | 0.916 (0.773-1.086) | 0.313 | 0.00% | 0.744 |
| Type (GCB vs. ABC) | 6 | 1337 | 0.454 (0.292-0.704) | 0.000 | 51.70% | 0.066 |
| IPI score (3-5 vs.0-2) | 6 | 696 | 1.215 (1.031-1.433) | 0.042 | 15.40% | 0.315 |
| Primary site (Nodal vs. Extranodal) | 4 | 570 | 1.006 (0.863-1.174) | 0.935 | 64.00% | 0.039 |
| Extranodal site (No vs. Yes) | 5 | 445 | 1.012 (0.891-1.150) | 0.851 | 1.90% | 0.396 |
| BCL2 expression (+ vs. -) | 4 | 463 | 1.071 (0.901-1.272) | 0.437 | 60.70% | 0.054 |
| BCL6 expression (+ vs. -) | 3 | 452 | 1.015 (0.875-1.179) | 0.841 | 63.50% | 0.065 |
| Serous LDH (Elevated vs. Normal) | 8 | 739 | 2.188 (1.667-2.874) | 0.000 | 74.30% | 0.000 |
| Bone marrow involvement (+ vs. -) | 4 | 436 | 0.795 (0.542-1.168) | 0.243 | 0.00% | 0.565 |
Abbreviations: DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoms; OR, odd ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; GBC, germinal center B-cell-like; ABC, activated B-cell-like.
Publication bias
Begg's test showed no potential publication bias for BCL6 rearrangement with regard to OS, PFS and the clinico-pathological features of DLBCL. The funnel plots for the OS (Figure 5A) and PFS (Figure 5B) were shown in our meta-analysis.
Figure 5.
Begg's funnel plot of BCL-6 rearrangement and overall survival (A) or progress-free survival (B) of DLBCL for the assessment of publication bias. Each point represents a separate study for the indicated association. DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Discussion
BCL6, first identified and named in 1993 by Baron et al. 31, is a transcription regulator that plays an important role in lymphomagenesis 31. Moreover, among all types of aberrations in DLBCL, BCL6 (3q27) rearrangement is the most common 7, 31. Currently, the relationship between BCL6 rearrangement and prognosis of patients with DLBCL remains controversial. Hence, we performed the first meta-analysis to to explore the correlation between BCL6 rearrangement and survival outcomes in DLBCL.
Our study collectively summarized all available evidence from 22 prognosis-related studies and had sufficient power for association studies. We found that BCL6 rearrangement was associated with worse OS in patients with DLBCL (HR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.08-1.71, p=0.000), but no PFS (HR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.75-1.17, p=0.573). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the association between BCL6 rearrangement and prognosis of DLBCL was stable and authentic. Additionally, subgroup analyses demonstrated BCL6 rearrangement was an adverse prognostic factor, regardless of human races, detection methods and the number of patients enrolled, i.e. BCL6 is an independent prognostic factor for DLBCL.
Since many validated prognostic factors losing statistical significance along with the usage of rituximab was reported in previous studies 1, 32, we also analyzed the effect of rituximab on the prognostic significance of BCL6 rearrangement in DLBCL. The prognostic value of BCL6 rearrangement in DLBCL became significant following rituximab treatment (HR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.03-1.87, p=0.033), while for DLBCL without rituximab, BCL6 rearrangement was not related to OS rates (HR=1.18, 95% CI: 0.73-1.90, p=0.498). As to clinico-pathological parameters analysis, BCL6 rearrangement was found to express more frequently in tumors with high IPI scores (score 3-5), elevated serum LDH and ABC-immunophenotype. It should be noted that no publication bias was found in this meta-analysis.
Though our study investigated the prognostic value of BCL6 rearrangement in DLBCL, some potential limitations still exist and the results should be interpreted with caution. First, the individual primary data from the included studies was not available, these data extracted from survival curves might be less reliable than those directly reported in the texts. Second, the risk estimates used in pooling might not be fully adjusted for, since some covariates did not always exist in the included studies. Numerical results might appear deviation in our findings. Third, we were unable to evaluate the relationship between BCL6 rearrangement and specific treatment regimens due to the limited data.
In conclusion, this meta-analysis supports the significant correlation between BCL6 rearrangement and adverse survival outcome. In DLBCL, BCL6 rearrangement has the prognostic value only when rituximab was included in chemotherapy. High IPI score, ABC type and elevated ABC type and elevated serum LDH are likely to accompanied by BCL6 rearrangement. Further adequately designed prospective studies are still needed to verify our results.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81572920), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No.LY15H160038) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2013CB911303).
Abbreviations
- DLBCL
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- CR
complete response
- R
rituximab
- CHOP
cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone
- IPI
international prognostic index
- GCB
germinal center B-cell-like
- ABC
activated center B-cell-like
- HR
hazard ratio
- CI
confidence interval
- NOS
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
- OS
overall survival
- PFS
progress-free survival
- OR
odds ratio
- I2
inconsistency index
- LDH
lactate dehydrogenase.
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