Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine logoLink to Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
. 2019 Jan 15;17(3):2235–2241. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7171

MicroRNA-708-5p affects proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by targeting URGCP

Cong Sui 1,*, Debao Liu 1,*, Yong Hu 1,✉, Linlin Zhang 2
PMCID: PMC6364217  PMID: 30783484

Abstract

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancer of the skeletal system which remains a challenge for the current therapeutic strategies due to unclear etiology and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. The current study aimed to determine the expression levels, role and molecular mechanism of microRNA-708-5p (miR-708-5p) in the development of osteosarcoma. The expression level of miR-708-5p was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miR-708-5p was overexpressed in SaOS-2 cells using miR-708-5p mimics. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using Cell Counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. The results indicated that miR-708-5p was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells, and its overexpression significantly inhibited cell viability, invasion and migration and induced apoptosis of SaOS-2 cells. Furthermore, the present results indicated that miR-708-5p directly targeted the 3′-untranslated region of up-regulator of cell proliferation (URGCP) and negatively regulated its expression in SaOS-2 cells. Taken together, the current study suggested that miR-708-5p may inhibit the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating the URGCP/NF-κB signaling pathway. Further research on these molecules in osteosarcoma may provide novel insights into the target therapy for this disease.

Keywords: osteosarcoma, miR-708-5p, up-regulator of cell proliferation, proliferation, metastasis

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor with the highest incidence among patients aged 10–20 years (1,2). The annual incidence of osteosarcoma is five per million. Since, in 80% of patients with osteosarcoma, metastasis or micrometastasis has occurred at the time of diagnosis, almost all patients receive multiple doses of chemotherapy in addition to surgery (3). Recent improvements in surgical methods resulted in decreased numbers of amputations among patients with osteosarcoma (4). The understanding of molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma may contribute to the development of targeted therapy for this disease (5). Development of novel treatment strategies and improvement of the currently available methods may increase the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma.

In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) serve important regulatory roles in tumor formation and progression (6–9). A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are regulated by miRNAs (10). miRNAs are single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that recognize specific target mRNAs and regulate the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level (11–13). miRNAs promote the degradation of mRNA and/or inhibit the translation process, and regulate the translation of ~30% of the protein-coding mRNA in the human genome (11–13). Previous studies indicated that the expression of miRNAs is abnormal in numerous types of tumors (6–9). miRNAs may serve carcinogenic or tumor suppressive roles by regulating downstream target genes and influencing the biological behavior of tumor cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis (14). The majority of tumor suppressor miRNAs are downregulated in malignant cells, while oncogenic miRNAs are upregulated and affect tumor pathology through multiple mechanisms (15,16).

miR-708-5p is a miRNA expressed in a number of diseases (17). miR-708-5p was first identified in normal tissues and tumor samples from patients with cervical cancer, and exhibits a high degree of sequence similarity with miR-28 (18,19). The passenger strand of miR-708 (miR-708-3p) shows potential biological function and is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (20–25). miR-708-5p is involved in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases (26–30).

The current study aimed to determine the role of miR-708-5p in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma. This miRNA may become a clinical marker for the diagnosis of this type of cancer and the results of the current study may provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment.

Materials and methods

Clinical specimens

Osteosarcoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples were obtained from 60 patients (age, 14–65 years; 32 males and 28 females; 9 cases without tumor metastasis; 23 cases with lymph node metastasis without distant metastasis; 28 cases with distant metastasis) diagnosed with osteosarcoma by pathological examination between May 2011 and May 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei, China). Patients were included in the present study if they did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and exhibited normal cardiopulmonary, liver and kidney function. Patients with chronic conditions including high blood pressure, chronic heart disease and kidney failure were excluded. All experiments involving human tissues were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China. All patients provided written informed consent for the use of their tissues.

Cell culture and treatment

Human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 and normal osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; both Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. Cells were passaged every 2–3 days.

SaOS-2 cells (3×104 cells/well) were transiently transfected with 100 nM miRNA-708-5p mimics (AAGGAGCUUACAAUCUAGCUGGG and CAGCUAGAUUGUAAGCUCCUUUU), negative control mimics (UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT and ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT), miR-708-5p inhibitors (CCCAGCUAGAUUGUAAGCUCCUU) or negative control inhibitors (CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA) using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The miR-708-5p mimics, miR-708-5p inhibitor and negative controls were purchased from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). After 48 h, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine transfection efficiency, as described below. Cells without any treatment were used as the control group.

Western blot analysis

Following treatment, total cellular proteins from SaOS-2 cells were extracted using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Hunan Auragene Biotech Co., Ltd, Changsha, China). Bicinchoninic acid protein quantification kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to measure the protein concentration in samples. Equal amounts of protein (30 µg/lane) were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 12% gel and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk at room temperature for 1 h, followed by incubation with primary antibodies, including anti-up-regulator of cell proliferation (URGCP; cat. no. ab103323; 1:1,000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-nuclear factor (NF)-κB (cat no. 8242) and anti-GAPDH (cat. no. 8884; both 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) at 4°C overnight. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated with an anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (cat. no. 7074; 1:2,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 2 h. To visualize the protein blots, the enhanced chemiluminescence Western Blotting Detection kit (Applygen Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China) was used according the manufacturer's protocol.

RT-qPCR

TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to extract total RNA from cells and tissues. GAPDH or U6 were used as internal controls for mRNA or miRNA expression, respectively. cDNA was synthesized using PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ (Takara Bio, Inc.) was used for qPCR according to the manufacturer's protocol. The following primer sequences were used for the qPCR: miR-708-5p, forward 5′-GGCGCGCAAGGAGCTTACAATC-3′ and reverse 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT-3′; URGCP, forward: 5′-CTTCATCCTGAGTCCCTACCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-GCCGTTCTGCTGCATTCG-3′; NF-κB, forward: 5′-AACACTGCCGACCTCAAGAT-3′ and reverse: 5′-CATCGGCTTGAGAAAAGGAG-3′; U6, forward 5′-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT-3′ and reverse 5′-CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3′; and GAPDH, forward 5′-CTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTC-3′ and reverse 5′-GTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTCT-3′. Relative expression of each gene was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method (31).

Cell migration and invasion assays

An in vitro invasion assay was performed using transwell plates (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with 8 µm pores. Chamber inserts were coated with 200 mg/ml BD Matrigel™ matrix (BD Biosciences) at room temperature overnight. The SaOS-2 cells (1×104 cells) in RPMI 1640 medium were added to the upper chamber of the transwell plates. RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% FBS as a chemoattractant was added to the lower chamber. After a 48-h incubation, cells were removed from the upper surface using cotton swabs and the invasive cells were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.5% crystal violet at room temperature for 30 min. Images were captured and the cells were counted using a light photomicroscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at a magnification of ×200.

For the wound healing assay, confluent monolayers of SaOS-2 cells cultured in 24-well plates were scratched using a 10-µl pipette tip. The wells were washed to remove cellular debris and the cells were allowed to migrate for 48 h. Representative images were captured under an light inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation; magnification, ×100). The experiments were repeated at least three times.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay

SaOS-2 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate (2×105 cells/well) and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium at 37°C for 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm using an iMark® microplate absorbance reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The experiments were repeated at least 3 times.

Cell apoptosis detection

Following transfection, SaOS-2 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were collected and washed at least three times with cold PBS. Annexin V-FITC Early Apoptosis Detection kit (cat. no. 6592; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) was used for cell apoptosis analysis. In brief, SaOS-2 cells (1×106) from different groups were re-suspended in binding buffer, labeled with 1 µl Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and 12.5 µl propidium iodide (PI) and then incubated for 10 min on ice in the dark. A flow cytometer (FACSCalibur™; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used to analyze cell apoptosis. Data were analyzed using WinMDI software (version 2.5; Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, West Lafayette, IN, USA). The experiments were repeated at least 3 times.

Bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase reporter assay

Targetscan (version 7.1; www.targetscan.org/vert_71) was used to predict the putative target genes of miR-708-5p. To confirm whether miR-708-5p directly targets URGCP, a luciferase reporter assay was performed using a pEZX-MT01 target reporter plasmid containing the URGCP 3′-untranslated region (UTR; GeneCopoeia, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). Additionally, a mutant (MUT) URGCP 3′-UTR reporter construct was generated by site-directed mutagenesis in the putative target site of miR-708-5p in the wild-type (WT) URGCP 3′-UTR using the QuikChange XL site-directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The reporter plasmids were co-transfected into SaOS-2 cells with miR-708-5p mimics or the NC using Lipofectamine 3000® (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in 24-well plates. A total of 48 h following transfection, dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) was used to measure luciferase activity according to the manufacturer's protocol. Relative luciferase activity was normalized to the Renilla luciferase activity. The results were obtained from three independent experiments.

Statistical analysis

All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Comparisons between groups were performed using Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression of miR-708-5p in osteosarcoma

The expression levels of miR-708-5p were detected in osteosarcoma tissues, adjacent normal tissues, human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 and normal osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 using RT-qPCR. The results indicated that compared with the adjacent normal tissues, the level of miR-708-5p in osteosarcoma tissues significantly decreased (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, the level of miR-708-5p in SaOS-2 cells was significantly lower compared with the hFOB1.19 cells (Fig. 1B).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

miR-708-5p expression in osteosarcoma. (A) The expression level of miR-708-5p was detected in osteosarcoma tissues and the adjacent normal tissues. **P<0.01 vs. control. (B) miR-708-5p expression was determined in osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 and normal osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01 vs. hFOB1.19. Tumor, osteosarcoma tissues; control, adjacent normal tissues; miR, microRNA.

miR-708-5p suppresses SaOS-2 cell viability and induces cell apoptosis in vitro

The role of miR-708-5p overexpression was determined in SaOS-2 cells in the present study. Cells were transiently transfected with miR-708-5p mimics or NC. RT-qPCR results confirmed that compared with the control group, the level of miR-708-5p was significantly increased in the miR-708-5p mimics group (Fig. 2A). Cell viability was subsequently detected using the CCK-8 assay and the results indicated that, compared with the control group, miR-708-5p mimics significantly suppressed SaOS-2 cell viability (Fig. 2B). Furthermore, SaOS-2 cell apoptosis was detected 48 h following transfection with miR-708-5p mimics or NC. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that cell apoptosis significantly increased in SaOS-2 cells transfected with miR-708-5p mimics compared with the cells from the control group (Fig. 3).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

miR-708-5p inhibits SaOS-2 cell viability. (A) Expression level of miR-708-5p in SaOS-2 cells from different groups was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. (B) Cell viability was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. mimics. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. NC, negative control; miR, microRNA; OD, optical density.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

MicroRNA-708-5p induces SaOS-2 cell apoptosis. Following transfection, cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. NC, negative control; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate.

miR-708-5p suppresses SaOS-2 cell migration and invasion

Cell migration and invasion were measured in the present study. A total of 48 h after cell transfection, wound healing and transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion respectively. The results demonstrated that both migration and invasion of SaOS-2 cells in the miR-708-5p mimics group were significantly inhibited compared with the control group (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

microRNA-708-5p inhibits SaOS-2 cell migration and invasion. Following transfection, SaOS-2 cell (A) migration was detected using wound healing assays and (B) invasion ability was detected using transwell assays, and the data were quantitatively analyzed. Magnification, ×200. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. NC, negative control.

miR-708-5p directly targets URGCP

Subsequent experiments were performed to determine the underlying mechanism of the effect of miR-708-5p on SaOS-2 cells. The potential targets of miR-708-5p were predicted using TargetScan. URGCP was identified as a potential target gene of miR-708-5p. To verify the binding site, the 3′-UTR of URGCP containing a WT or MUT sequence was cloned into SaOS-2 cells for a subsequent firefly luciferase reporter assay. The results indicated that URGCP was a direct target gene of miR-708-5p (Fig. 5A and B). To determine the effect of miR-708-5p on the URGCP signaling pathway, cells were transfected with miR-708-5p mimics and miR-708-5p inhibitors, and expression levels of URGCP and NK-κB were analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels. The results indicated that compared with the control group, miR-708-5p mimics and miR-708-5p inhibitors significantly decreased and increased the mRNA and protein levels of URGCP and NK-κB in SaOS-2 cells, respectively (Fig. 5C-I).

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Open in a new tab

miR-708-5p directly targets URGCP. (A) TargetScan was used to predict the interactions between miR-708-5p and the WT 3′-UTR of URGCP. (B) Relative luciferase activity was detected by a dual-luciferase assay. **P<0.01 vs. NC. After a 48 h transfection with NC and miR-708-5p mimics, (C) the protein level of URGCP and NK-κB were detected using a western blot assay, and the mRNA levels of (D) URGCP and (E) NK-κB were detected using RT-qPCR. (F) miR-708-5p levels were detected after a 48 h transfection with NC and a miR-708-5p inhibitor using RT-qPCR. After a 48 h transfection with NC and a miR-708-5p inhibitor, (G) the protein level of URGCP and NK-κB were detected using a western blot assay, and the mRNA levels of (H) URGCP and (I) NK-κB were detected using RT-qPCR. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. miR, microRNA; URGCP, up-regulator of cell proliferation; UTR, untranslated region; WT, wild type; NC, negative control; NK-κB, nuclear factor-κB.

Discussion

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor with the highest incidence among individuals aged 10–20 years (2). However, the therapeutic effect of osteosarcoma is still unsatisfactory (32,33). Therefore, identification of novel effective treatment methods for patients with osteosarcoma is required. miRNAs serve important roles in the occurrence and development of a number of diseases (34–36). Furthermore, previous studies indicated that miRNAs participate in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma (37,38). The role of miR-708-5p was previously studied in several types of cancer including cervical (18,19), lung (39) and prostate (40) cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of miR-708-5p in osteosarcoma has not been previously studied.

The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of miR-708-5p in the development and progression of osteosarcoma in vitro, and that miR-708-5p may be a potential marker for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The present study detected the level of miR-708-5p in osteosarcoma tissues, adjacent normal tissues, human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 and normal osteoblast hFOB1.19 cell line. miR-708-5p was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells, indicating that miR-708-5p may be involved in the occurrence and development of this disease. The effects of miR-708-5p overexpression on SaOS-2 cells were studied using miR-708-5p mimics. Transfection with miR-708-5p mimics significantly inhibited cell growth, induced cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell invasion and migration in vitro. The present study also demonstrated that URGCP was a direct target of miR-708-5p.

URGCP is an oncogene that contributes to carcinogenesis, cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation in cells (41). URGCP is involved in the development of various types of cancer (42–44), and promotes the malignant behavior of cancer cells by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway (45–47). In the present study, miR-708-5p overexpression inhibited the expression of URGCP and NF-κB in SaOS-2 cells, while miR-708-5p downregulation enhanced the expression of URGCP and NF-κB. The data indicated that miR-708-5p may inhibit osteosarcoma cell viability and invasion by regulating the URGCP/NF-κB signaling pathway.

In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to indicate that miR-708-5p was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. miR-708-5p overexpression inhibited osteosarcoma cell viability, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the results of the present study indicated that URGCP was a direct target gene of miR-708-5p. The current study provides novel insights into osteosarcoma research and targeted therapies. According to the present preliminary study, miR-708-5p may be a novel and promising therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma. However, the tumor suppressor role of miR-708-5p in osteosarcoma requires further investigation. Future studies should determine whether the overexpression of URGCP or NF-kB could reverse the effects of miR-708-5p on SaOS-2 cells. Furthermore, potential association between patient prognosis and miR-708-5p expression may be studied in the future.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

CS and DL collaborated to design the study. CS, DL and YH were responsible for data access and analysis. LZ interpreted the results. All authors collaborated to develop the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All experiments involving human tissues were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China. All patients provided written informed consent for the use of their tissues.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

  • 1.Li X, Lu Q, Xie W, Wang Y, Wang G. Anti-tumor effects of triptolide on angiogenesis and cell apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells by inducing autophagy via repressing Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;496:443–449. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Lo YC, Lin YC, Huang YF, Hsieh CP, Wu CC, Chang IL, Chen CL, Cheng CH, Chen HY. Carnosol-induced ROS inhibits cell viability of human osteosarcoma by apoptosis and autophagy. Am J Chin Med. 2017;45:1761–1772. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X17500951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Liu ZR, Sun LZ, Jia TH, Jia DF. β-Aescin shows potent antiproliferative activity in osteosarcoma cells by inducing autophagy, ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. J BUON. 2017;22:1582–1586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Xu HY, Fang W, Huang ZW, Lu JC, Wang YQ, Tang QL, Song GH, Kang Y, Zhu XJ, Zou CY, et al. Metformin reduces SATB2-mediated osteosarcoma stem cell-like phenotype and tumor growth via inhibition of N-cadherin/NF-kB signaling. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:4516–4528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Shaikh AB, Li F, Li M, He B, He X, Chen G, Guo B, Li D, Jiang F, Dang L, et al. Present advances and future perspectives of molecular targeted therapy for osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:506. doi: 10.3390/ijms17040506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Hu L, Ai J, Long H, Liu W, Wang X, Zuo Y, Li Y, Wu Q, Deng Y. Intergrative microRNA and gene profiling data analysis reveals novel biomarkers and mechanisms for lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:8441–8454. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7264. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Tsai MM, Wang CS, Tsai CY, Huang HW, Chi HC, Lin YH, Lu PH, Lin KH. Potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets of microRNAs in human gastric cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:E945. doi: 10.3390/ijms17060945. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Zhao H, Li M, Li L, Yang X, Lan G, Zhang Y. MiR-133b is down-regulated in human osteosarcoma and inhibits osteosarcoma cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and promotes apoptosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83571. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Kaukoniemi KM, Rauhala HE, Scaravilli M, Latonen L, Annala M, Vessella RL, Nykter M, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T. Epigenetically altered miR-193b targets cyclin D1 in prostate cancer. Cancer Med. 2015;4:1417–1425. doi: 10.1002/cam4.486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Zimmerman AL, Wu S. MicroRNAs, cancer and cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett. 2011;300:10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Schwarzenbacher D, Balic M, Pichler M. The role of microRNAs in breast cancer stem cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:14712–14723. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714712. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell. 2009;136:215–233. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Friedman JM, Jones PA. MicroRNAs: Critical mediators of differentiation, development and disease. Swiss Med Wkly. 2009;139:466–472. doi: 10.4414/smw.2009.12794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Schneider MR. MicroRNAs as novel players in skin development, homeostasis and disease. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:22–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10568.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Coghlin C, Murray GI. Current and emerging concepts in tumour metastasis. J Pathol. 2010;222:1–15. doi: 10.1002/path.2727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Zhang Y, Kim J, Mueller AC, Dey B, Yang Y, Lee DH, Hachmann J, Finderle S, Park DM, Christensen J, et al. Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases converge on microRNA-134 to control KRAS, STAT5B, and glioblastoma. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21:720–734. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Garg M. Emerging role of microRNAs in cancer stem cells: Implications in cancer therapy. World J Stem Cells. 2015;7:1078–1089. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i8.1078. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Kloosterman WP, Plasterk RH. The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease. Dev Cell. 2006;11:441–450. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.09.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Bicker S, Schratt G. microRNAs: Tiny regulators of synapse function in development and disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12:1466–1476. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00400.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Condorelli G, Dimmeler S. MicroRNAs: Components of an integrated system controlling cardiac development, physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;79:551–552. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvn189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.He X, Eberhart JK, Postlethwait JH. MicroRNAs and micromanaging the skeleton in disease, development and evolution. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:606–618. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00696.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Chhabra R, Saini N. MicroRNAs in cancer stem cells: Current status and future directions. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:8395–8405. doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2264-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Liu M, Lu S, He W, Zhang L, Ma Y, Lv P, Ma M, Yu W, Wang J, Zhang M, et al. ULK1-regulated autophagy: A mechanism in cellular protection for ALDH2 against hyperglycemia. Toxicol Lett. 2018;283:106–115. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Ji Q, Karnak D, Hao P, Wang R, Xu L. No small matter: MicroRNAs - key regulators of cancer stem cells. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2010;3:84–87. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Nimmo RA, Slack FJ. An elegant miRror: MicroRNAs in stem cells, developmental timing and cancer. Chromosoma. 2009;118:405–418. doi: 10.1007/s00412-009-0210-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Meng F, Glaser SS, Francis H, DeMorrow S, Han Y, Passarini JD, Stokes A, Cleary JP, Liu X, Venter J, et al. Functional analysis of microRNAs in human hepatocellular cancer stem cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2012;16:160–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01282.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Xia H, Hui KM. MicroRNAs involved in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells as molecular targets for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Gene Ther. 2012;19:723–730. doi: 10.1038/cgt.2012.58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Shen Y, Pan Y, Xu L, Chen L, Liu L, Chen H, Chen Z, Meng Z. Identifying microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in gemcitabine-resistant cells derived from human pancreatic cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:4525–4534. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-3097-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Huang YH, Yang YL, Huang FC, Tiao MM, Lin YC, Tsai MH, Wang FS. MicroRNA-29a mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum and autophagy aberrance counteracts in obstructive jaundice-induced fibrosis in mice. Exp Boil Med (Maywood) 2018;243:13–21. doi: 10.1177/1535370217741500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Tian J, An X, Niu L. Role of microRNAs in cardiac development and disease. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13:3–8. doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3932. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25:402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Yang J, Zhang W. New molecular insights into osteosarcoma targeted therapy. Curr Opin Oncol. 2013;25:398–406. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283622c1b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Tsuchiya H, Tomita K, Mori Y, Asada N, Morinaga T, Kitano S, Yamamoto N. Caffeine-assisted chemotherapy and minimized tumor excision for nonmetastatic osteosarcoma. Anticancer Res. 1998;18:657–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Croce CM. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10:704–714. doi: 10.1038/nrg2634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Magri F, Vanoli F, Corti S. miRNA in spinal muscular atrophy pathogenesis and therapy. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22:755–767. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Romakina VV, Zhirov IV, Nasonova SN, Zaseeva AV, Kochetov AG, Liang OV, Tereshchenko SN. MicroRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Kardiologiia. 2018:66–71. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2018.1.10083. (In Russian) [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Tian K, Wang L, Di R, Xu J, Li G, Li Z. Effect and mechanism of miRNA to osteosarcoma cell. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014;27(5 Suppl):1657–1660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Xie B, Li Y, Zhao R, Xu Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Xia D, Han W, Chen D. Identification of key genes and miRNAs in osteosarcoma patients with chemoresistance by bioinformatics analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4761064. doi: 10.1155/2018/4761064. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Wu X, Liu T, Fang O, Dong W, Zhang F, Leach L, Hu X, Luo Z. MicroRNA-708-5p acts as a therapeutic agent against metastatic lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:2417–2432. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6594. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Yang J, Wei J, Wu Y, Wang Z, Guo Y, Lee P, Li X. Metformin induces ER stress-dependent apoptosis through miR-708-5p/NNAT pathway in prostate cancer. Oncogenesis. 2015;4:e158. doi: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Dodurga Y, Seçme M, Lale Şatıroğlu-Tufan N. A novel oncogene URG4/URGCP and its role in cancer. Gene. 2018;668:12–17. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Yu G, Zhang T, Jing Y, Bao Q, Tang Q, Zhang Y. miR-519 suppresses nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation by targeting oncogene URG4/URGCP. Life Sci. 2017;175:47–51. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Tokay E, Kockar F. Identification of intracellular pathways through which TGF-β1 upregulates URG-4/URGCP gene expression in hepatoma cells. Life Sci. 2016;144:121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Dodurga Y, Seçme M, Eroğlu C, Gündoğdu G, Avcı ÇB, Bağcı G, Küçükatay V, Lale Şatıroğlu-Tufan N. Investigation of the effects of a sulfite molecule on human neuroblastoma cells via a novel oncogene URG4/URGCP. Life Sci. 2015;143:27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Cai J, Li R, Xu X, Zhang L, Wu S, Yang T, Fang L, Wu J, Zhu X, Li M, Huang Y. URGCP promotes non-small cell lung cancer invasiveness by activating the NF-κB-MMP-9 pathway. Oncotarget. 2015;6:36489–36504. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Wu M, Chen J, Wang Y, Hu J, Liu C, Feng C, Zeng X. URGCP/URG4 promotes apoptotic resistance in bladder cancer cells by activating NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget. 2015;6:30887–30901. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Xing S, Zhang B, Hua R, Tai WC, Zeng Z, Xie B, Huang C, Xue J, Xiong S, Yang J, et al. URG4/URGCP enhances the angiogenic capacity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:368. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1378-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Articles from Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine are provided here courtesy of Spandidos Publications

RESOURCES