In Table 3, the Total Frequency of respondents who answered Disagree to perception item 1–5 is partially missing. Additionally in Table 4, the Total Frequency of respondents who answered Disagree to perception item 1–3 is partially missing. There are minor formatting errors in Table 5. Please see the corrected Tables 3–5 here. The publisher apologizes for the errors.
Table 3. Respondents’ perceptions towards pharmacogenetics and its implications (n = 617).
| Responses the perception items | Pharmacists (n = 238) Frequency (%) |
Physicians (n = 379) Frequency (%) |
Total (n = 617) Frequency (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Pharmacogenetics is relevant to my current clinical practice. | ||||
| Agree | 164 (69.0) | 240 (63.3) | 404 (65.5) | 0.027* |
| Neutral | 55 (23.0) | 121 (32.0) | 176 (28.5) | |
| Disagree | 19 (8.0) | 18 (4.7) | 37 (6.0) | |
| 2. Pharmacists should be required to have some knowledge of pharmacogenetics. | ||||
| Agree | 214 (90.0) | 326 (86.0) | 540 (87.5) | 0.303 |
| Neutral | 19 (8.0) | 45 (12.0) | 64 (10.4) | |
| Disagree | 5 (2.0) | 8 (2.0) | 13 (2.1) | |
| 3. Pharmacogenetic testing should be applied into my clinical practice. | ||||
| Agree | 180 (75.6) | 230 (60.7) | 410 (66.5) | <0.001* |
| Neutral | 50 (21.0) | 137 (36.1) | 187 (30.3) | |
| Disagree | 8 (3.4) | 12 (3.2) | 20 (3.2) | |
| 4. Pharmacists should be asked by healthcare professionals for recommendations on appropriate use of pharmacogenetic testing. | ||||
| Agree | 162 (68.1) | 259 (68.3) | 421 (68.2) | 0.923 |
| Neutral | 63 (26.5) | 102 (27.0) | 165 (26.7) | |
| Disagree | 13 (5.5) | 18 (4.7) | 31 (5.0) | |
| 5. I should be able to provide information on appropriate use of pharmacogenetic testing. | ||||
| Agree | 177 (74.4) | 224 (59.1) | 401 (65.0) | <0.001* |
| Neutral | 43 (18.1) | 137 (36.1) | 180 (29.2) | |
| Disagree | 18 (7.6) | 18 (4.7) | 36 (5.8) | |
| 6. Pharmacogenetics will improve our ability to more effectively control drug therapy expenditures. | ||||
| Agree | 184 (77.3) | 225 (59.4) | 409 (66.3) | <0.001* |
| Neutral | 40 (16.8) | 131 (34.6) | 171 (27.7) | |
| Disagree | 14 (5.9) | 23 (6.1) | 37 (6.0) | |
*Significant difference between physicians and pharmacists using Chi-square test
Table 4. Respondents’ confidence in applying pharmacogenetics in their practice settings (n = 617).
| Responses to the self-confidence items | Pharmacists (n = 238) Frequency (%) |
Physicians (n = 379) Frequency (%) |
Total (n = 617) Frequency (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. I can identify drugs that need pharmacogenetic testing. | ||||
| Agree | 59 (24.8) | 86 (22.7) | 145 (23.5) | 0.765 |
| Neutral | 104 (43.7) | 176 (46.4) | 280 (45.4) | |
| Disagree | 75 (31.5) | 117 (30.9) | 192 (31.1) | |
| 2. I can identify reliable sources of information regarding pharmacogenetics for healthcare professionals and patients. | ||||
| Agree | 96 (40.3) | 102 (26.9) | 198 (32.1) | 0.002* |
| Neutral | 85 (35.7) | 166 (43.8) | 251 (40.7) | |
| Disagree | 57 (23.9) | 111 (29.3) | 168 (27.2) | |
| 3. I can readily determine the available pharmacogenetic tests within our healthcare system. | ||||
| Agree | 44 (18.5) | 71 (18.7) | 115 (18.6) | 0.899 |
| Neutral | 96 (40.3) | 146 (38.5) | 242 (39.2) | |
| Disagree | 98 (41.2) | 162 (42.7) | 260 (42.1) | |
| 4. I can accurately apply the results of a pharmacogenetic test to drug therapy selection, dosing, or monitoring. | ||||
| Agree | 64 (26.9) | 101 (26.6) | 165 (26.7) | 0.973 |
| Neutral | 97 (40.8) | 152 (40.1) | 249 (40.4) | |
| Disagree | 77 (32.4) | 126 (33.2) | 203 (32.9) | |
*Significant difference between physicians and pharmacists using Chi-square test
Table 5. Influence of respondents’ characteristics on their level of knowledge, perceptions, and self-confidence towards pharmacogenetics (n = 617).
| Variable | Overall mean (SD) percentage knowledge score (%) | P value | Overall mean (SD) Perceptions score | P value | Overall mean (SD) self-confidence score |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Profession | ||||||
| Pharmacist | 48.8 (22.7) | 0.181 | 4.5 (1.7) | <0.001* | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.082 |
| Physician | 43.4 (25.4) | 3.9 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.3) | |||
| Age | ||||||
| ≤35 | 44.4 (23.3) | 0.073 | 4.1 (1.9) | 0.185 | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.094 |
| ≥36 | 47.8 (25.9) | 4.3 (1.7) | 1.1 (1.3) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 45.7 (25.9) | 0.440 | 4.1 (1.8) | 0.07 | 1.0 (1.2) | 0.061 |
| Female | 45.7 (22.3) | 4.3 (1.8) | 1.1 (1.3) | |||
| Work Experience | ||||||
| <10 | 43.6 (23.3) | 0.002* | 4.0 (1.9) | 0.067 | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.013* |
| ≥10 | 48.0 (25.4) | 4.3 (1.7) | 1.1 (1.3) | |||
| Attended pharmacogenetics training or education | ||||||
| No | 45.7 (25) | 0.970 | 4.1 (1.8) | 0.016* | 0.9 (1.2) | <0.001* |
| Yes | 46.0 (22) | 4.7 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.6) | |||
Reference
- 1.Albassam A, Alshammari S, Ouda G, Koshy S, Awad A (2018) Knowledge, perceptions and confidence of physicians and pharmacists towards pharmacogenetics practice in Kuwait. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203033 10.1371/journal.pone.0203033 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]