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. 2019 Jan 29;141(5):1823–1827. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13709

Nickel-Catalyzed Addition of Aryl Bromides to Aldehydes To Form Hindered Secondary Alcohols

Kevin J Garcia 1, Michael M Gilbert 1, Daniel J Weix 1,*
PMCID: PMC6368192  PMID: 30693771

Abstract

graphic file with name ja-2018-13709j_0007.jpg

Transition-metal-catalyzed addition of aryl halides across carbonyls remains poorly developed, especially for aliphatic aldehydes and hindered substrate combinations. We report here that simple nickel complexes of bipyridine and PyBox can catalyze the addition of aryl halides to both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes using zinc metal as the reducing agent. This convenient approach tolerates acidic functional groups that are not compatible with Grignard reactions, yet sterically hindered substrates still couple in high yield (33 examples, 70% average yield). Mechanistic studies show that an arylnickel, and not an arylzinc, adds efficiently to cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, but only in the presence of a Lewis acid co-catalyst (ZnBr2).

Cross-coupling has revolutionized how molecules are made.1 However, despite decades-old advancements in the rhodium-catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to aldehydes2,3 and the low functional-group compatibility of organomagnesium and organolithium reagents, a recent analysis of medicinal chemistry patents found that the Grignard reaction remains among the most-used reactions.1b This is in contrast to couplings with organic halides and alkenes, where cross-coupling approaches have largely supplanted other C–C bond-forming methods.1 This might be because arylboron reagents require extra steps to synthesize, often via reactive organometallic intermediates (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Aldehyde Arylation Strategies.

Scheme 1

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A catalytic method for the direct addition of aryl halides to aldehydes would be ideal, but relatively few couplings of this type have been reported.4,5 The coupling of aryl iodides with aldehydes in the presence of a reducing agent can be catalyzed by Cr/Ni,6 Co,7 and Rh.8,9 Aryl bromides are an order of magnitude more abundant than aryl iodides (Scheme 1),10 but their use in aldehyde arylation remains underdeveloped11−13 and a topic of current interest.14,15

A major challenge for all of these reductive arylation methods remains couplings with less reactive substrates. There are few examples of couplings with sterically hindered aldehydes16 and aryl halides.17 There are even fewer examples of coupling hindered aryl halides with aliphatic aldehydes, perhaps because aliphatic aldehydes are already deactivated toward migratory insertion.18,19 We report here a solution to these challenging substrates as well as studies showing that the key bond-forming step occurs by a 1,2-migratory insertion of arylnickel across the aldehyde.

Early experiments focused on coupling a branched aliphatic aldehyde, cyclohexane carboxaldehyde, with a simple aryl bromide, 4-bromoanisole, because no arylations of this type were known. Confirming Cheng’s earlier report,13a we also found that reactions with phosphine ligands gave a poor yield (Table 1, entry 1). We next examined a variety of nitrogen ligands, inspired by recent work by Fujihara and Martin with activated carbonyls4 and Voskoboynikov’s positive results with aromatic aldehydes.13d Many bidentate and tridentate ligands provided secondary alcohol 23, but unsubstituted and alkyl-substituted bipyridines provided the highest yield (Table 1, entries 2–6). While we initially screened our reactions at 80 °C, we found that reactions conducted at 60 °C and with less zinc provided nearly the same results (entries 4 and 5). The side reaction that limits the yield of product 23 is pinacol coupling of the aldehyde.20 The remaining aryl bromide is converted into biaryl and hydrodehalogenated arene.

Table 1. Aldehyde Arylation Optimization.

graphic file with name ja-2018-13709j_0006.jpg

entry T (°C) Zn (equiv) L yield (%)
1 80 2.5 L1 3
2 80 2.5 L3 62
3 80 2.5 L4 57
4 80 2.5 L6 62
5 60 1.5 L6 60
6 60 1.5 L7 69 (64)b
7 60 1.5 L11 18
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a

Reactions were run on 0.25 mmol scale in 1 mL of THF for 12 h. Yields are corrected GC yields. For additional data on reactions with L2, L5, and L8–L10, see the Supporting Information.

b

Isolated yield after column chromatography.

Adaptation of these conditions to benzaldehyde required only a re-examination of the optimal ligands (Scheme 2). For 4-bromoanisole, 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (L4) was optimal (Scheme 2, product 1), but it only provided 17% yield for ethyl 4-bromobenzoate (product 8). We found that terpyridine ligands provided improved results and the tetramethyl PyBox derivative L11 provided the highest yield for this electron-poor aryl bromide (70% yield of 8).

Scheme 2. Substrate Scope.

Scheme 2

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Reactions were conducted on 0.5 mmol scale in 2 mL of THF for 12–16 h. Yields are isolated yields after chromatography on silica gel. X = Br for all substrates unless otherwise noted.

Isolated yield for a gram-scale reaction using standard glassware.

The optimized conditions are applicable to a variety of aldehydes and aryl bromides (Scheme 2). Notable features of the scope are compatibility with both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, tolerance for acidic functional groups (4, 5, 25, 27),21 and the ability to form hindered secondary alcohols (15–22, 28–33).22 Finally, the chemistry is operationally simple and scales well: 1.67 g of alcohol 29 was synthesized on the benchtop using standard glassware without the need for rigorous exclusion of oxygen.

These results are the state of the art for hindered secondary alcohol synthesis without pre-formed organometallic reagents. We could find no previous examples of coupling any aryl bromide with a 2,6-disubsituted aldehyde (21, 22). Although a few couplings with aliphatic aldehydes are known, it is notable that no examples of 2° or 3° aldehydes have been reported (23–33). Addition of hindered aryl groups, even to unhindered aldehydes, is also challenging for published methods. As an extreme case, the only other examples of coupling 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl with aldehydes (as in 20 and 31) utilized aryllithium or arylmagnesium reagents. Finally, this method could be used to form secondary alcohols from the combination of hindered aryl bromides with hindered aldehydes (20 and 28–33).

Given the large improvement in reactivity with sterically hindered substrates compared to previous reports, it would be beneficial to understand the mechanism. Five potential mechanisms have strong precedent in the literature: (1) 1,2-migratory insertion of an arylnickel(II) intermediate across the aldehyde;13a,19 (2) 1,2-migratory insertion of an arylnickel(I) intermediate across the aldehyde; (3) in situ formation of a diarylzinc reagent23 that could react with the aldehyde;24 (4) in situ formation of a radical from the aldehyde with subsequent capture by arylnickel and reductive elimination;9,15 and (5) reaction of a (L)NiII(μ2-aldehyde) species with arylzinc and subsequent reductive elimination.25 For a bisphosphine nickel system, Cheng had suggested migratory insertion via nickel(II) based upon the finding that a mixture of Ni(cod)2 with L1, benzaldehyde, and bromoanisole only formed alcohol product when zinc bromide was present.13a Considering the differences in ligand and reactivity observed, it was not clear if this hypothesis could be extended to our system.

A series of studies appears to rule out three of these mechanisms and point to migratory insertion of arylnickel across the aldehyde (Scheme 3). First, we found that arylzinc reagents react slowly with cyclohexane carboxaldehyde to form product 23 (20% yield after 24 h). We do not think that this process is important in catalytic reactions because the amount of product formed is diminished further when catalytic (L3)NiBr2 is present (10% yield of 23 with equal amounts of bianisole). The amount of diarylzinc present in solution would likely be low because direct insertion of zinc into aryl bromides is slow—a catalytic reaction run without nickel does not consume any 4-bromoanisole or cyclohexane carboxaldehyde—and the Schlenk equilibrium to convert unreactive ArZnBr into reactive Ar2Zn will be less favorable with added ZnBr2. These results appear to rule out direct arylation via diarylzinc reagents.

Scheme 3. Reactivity of Arylzinc Bromide.

Scheme 3

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Reaction conducted at 0.18 M ArZnBr with a 1:1 ratio of ArZnBr/CyCHO.

Reaction conducted with a 1:1:1 ratio of [Ni]/CyCHO/ArZnBr.

Second, we considered transmetalation of arylzinc reagents with (L)NiII(μ2-aldehyde), followed by reductive elimination. Reaction of pre-formed (L3)Ni0(cod) with aldehyde, followed by 4-methoxyphenylzinc bromide formed no addition product (Scheme 3). This rules out the intermediacy of (L3)NiII(μ2-aldehyde) species.

Third, pre-formed (L3)NiII(2-cumyl)Br (37) only reacts with cyclohexane carboxaldehyde to form product 29 in the presence of zinc bromide (Scheme 4). This is consistent with arylnickel(II) 1,2-migratory insertion. The role of ZnBr2 could be to abstract a halide from 37 to form [(L)NiII(Ar)]ZnBr3,23b accelerate migratory insertion via σ-coordination of the carbonyl oxygen, or both. Finally, these conditions are not consistent with formation of an alkyl radical from the aldehyde because arylnickel(II) 37 is not sufficiently reducing.

Scheme 4. Stoichiometric Reactions of (L)NiII(Ar)Br.

Scheme 4

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Reactions were run at 0.0125 M in [Ni] in THF at 60 °C for 12 h. Yield is corrected GC yield. See Supporting Information for additional experiments and full details.

To examine the possibility that reduction of 37 is accelerated by abstraction of bromide by ZnBr2, we also examined the addition of a strong single-electron reductant that would not have a strong halide affinity or be able to form an arylmetal reagent, Cp*2Co.26 This reaction resulted in no product formation, in sharp contrast with the studies of Fujihara with similar arylnickel(II) complexes and CO2.4a When Cp*2Co and ZnBr2 were both added to the reaction of (L3)NiII(2-cumyl)Br with cyclohexane carboxaldehyde, product was formed, but in diminished yield compared to the reaction without reductant. While we cannot rule out the intermediacy of arylnickel(I), at this time we think an arylnickel(II) is more likely.

Based upon these experiments, we propose the mechanism in Scheme 5. Reduction of the nickel pre-catalyst forms 38, and oxidative addition of Ar–Br forms 39. The pinacol side product appears to arise from 38 because it was formed in larger amounts in experiments that started with nickel(0) or in experiments that generated nickel(0) in situ (Scheme 3 and Supporting Information). Arylnickel(II) 39 interacts with ZnBr2 and aldehyde to form a reactive intermediate, here depicted with zinc coordination to the aldehyde as 40. 1,2-Migratory insertion of the aryl group into the aldehyde could form an alkoxynickel(II) product or directly release product and form 41. While we have no definitive evidence for either intermediate, alkoxynickel intermediates can lead to the formation of ketone, a side product that is observed in trace amounts, even under optimized conditions.27

Scheme 5. Proposed Mechanism.

Scheme 5

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Ligand abbreviated for clarity. Conversion of 40 to 41 could proceed by a number of pathways. See discussion.

In conclusion, the formation of very hindered diarylmethanols and hindered benzylic alcohols by the addition of aryl bromides to aldehydes has been reported for the first time. The simple conditions do not require silicon additives to trap the alcohol or visible light to generate reactive species and can tolerate acidic functional groups. These studies open the door to rapid advancement in the use of carbonyls in metal-catalyzed addition reactions.28

Acknowledgments

Research reported in this publication was supported by the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers T32GM008505 (K.J.G.) and S10OD020022 (UW Chemistry Instrumentation Center). The authors are indebted to Jill A. Caputo (Univ. of Rochester), Melodie Christensen (Merck), who conducted preliminary studies with phosphine ligands that led to this work, Kai Kang (Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison) for the synthesis of the arylnickel(II) complex, and Matthew J. Goldfogel (Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison) for the synthesis of a reductant used in mechanistic studies. We also thank Chiral Technologies (Joe Barendt) for the donation of achiral SFC columns used in this work.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13709.

  • Detailed procedures, additional optimization data, and full characterization data (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ja8b13709_si_001.pdf (5.2MB, pdf)

References

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Supplementary Materials

ja8b13709_si_001.pdf (5.2MB, pdf)

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